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to take civil action against sb

Толкование Перевод

1 civil

civil, e [sivil]

1. adjective

   a. [guerre, mariage] civil

   b. ( = non militaire) civilian

2. masculine noun

   a. ( = non militaire) civilian

• policier en civil plain-clothes policeman

• soldat en civil soldier in civilian clothes

• dans le civil in civilian life

   b. (Law) poursuivre qn au civil to take civil action against sb

* * *

1.

civile sivil adjectif ( non militaire) civilian; ( non religieux) [mariage] civil; [enterrement] non religious; ( non pénal) civil

2.

nom masculin ( personne) civilian

se mettre en civil — [soldat] to dress in civilian clothes; [policier] to dress in plain clothes

dans le civil — in civilian life

* * *
sivil civil, -e
1. adj

1) (procédure, mariage, cérémonie) civil

2) (= poli) civil

3) (= non militaire) civilian

2. nm

civilian

en civil — in civilian clothes

dans le civil — in civilian life

* * *

civil, civile

A adj

1 ( non militaire) [vie, autorités, vêtements] civilian; ( non religieux) [mariage] civil; [enterrement] non religious; ( non pénal) [droit, tribunal] civil;

2 ( du citoyen) [droits] civil;

3 †( courtois) civil (à l'égard de to).

B nm

1 ( personne) civilian; soldat en civil soldier in civilian clothes ou in civvies○; policier en civil plain-clothes policeman; se mettre en civil [soldat] to dress in civilian clothes; [policier] to dress in plain clothes; dans le civil in civilian life, in civvy street○ GB;

2 ○ Jur poursuivre qn au civil to bring a civil suit against sb.

( féminin civile) [sivil] adjectif

1. [non religieux] civil

2. [non militaire] civilian

porter des vêtements civils to wear civilian clothes

3. ADMINISTRATION

jour civil civil ou calendar day

4. [non pénal] civil

5. (littéraire) [courtois] courteous, civil

————————

nom masculin

DROIT civil action

porter une affaire au civil to bring a case before the civil courts

dans le civil locution adverbiale

in civilian life

————————

en civil locution adjectivale

être en civil [soldat] to be wearing civilian clothes

policier en civil plain clothes policeman

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > civil
2 action

action [aksjɔ̃]

feminine noun

   a. ( = acte) action

• faire une bonne action to do a good deed

• commettre une mauvaise action to do something wrong

• action d'éclat brilliant feat

• action de grâce(s) thanksgiving

• action revendicative [d'ouvriers] industrial action uncount ; [d'étudiants] protest uncount

• action ! (Cinema) action!

• l'action se passe en Grèce the action takes place in Greece

• passer à l'action to take action

• mettre en action [+ mécanisme] to set going ; [+ plan] to put into action

   b. ( = effet) [d'éléments naturels, médicament] effect

• ce médicament est sans action this medicine has no effect

• sous l'action du gel under the action of frost

   c. ( = politique, mesures) policies

• l'action gouvernementale the government's policies

• l'action économique et sociale economic and social policy

• l'action humanitaire humanitarian aid

   d. (Law) action

• action en diffamation libel action

   e. (Sport) il a été blessé au cours de cette action he was injured during that bit of play

• revoyons l'action let's have an action replay

   f. (Finance) share

• action nominative/au porteur registered/bearer share

* * *
aksjɔ̃
nom féminin

1) ( fait d'agir) action

il serait temps de passer à l'action — gén it's time to act; ( combattre) it's time for action

entrer en action — Armée to go into action

un homme d'action — a man of action

en action — [personne] in action; [mécanisme] in operation

mettre quelque chose en action — to put something into operation

2) ( façon d'agir) action

programme d'action — plan of action

moyens d'action — courses of action

3) ( effet) effect

l'action du temps — the effects of time

sous l'action de quelque chose — under the effect of something

l'action de quelqu'un sur quelque chose/quelqu'un — somebody's influence on something/somebody

4) ( acte) action, act

une action stupide — a stupid act

des actions criminelles — criminal acts

bonne/mauvaise action — good/bad deed

5) ( initiative) initiative; Armée, Droit action

intenter une action en justice à quelqu'un — to take legal action against somebody

6) ( histoire) action

l'action se situe à Venise — the action takes place in Venice

un film d'action — an action film

un roman d'action — an adventure novel

7) ( en finance) share

actions et obligations — securities

une société par actions — a joint stock company

action nominative — registered share

* * *
aksjɔ̃ nf
1) (= acte individuel) action

une bonne action — a good deed

une mauvaise action — an bad deed

2) (au singulier)

l'action — action

action syndicale — union action

mettre en action — to put into action

passer à l'action — to take action

se lancer à l'action — to go into action

un film d'action — an action film, an action movie

liberté d'action — freedom of action

3) [roman, film] action

4) (effet d'une force naturelle) action, effect

sous l'action de — under the effect of

5) DROIT action

intenter une action en justice; engager une action en justice — to take legal action

6) COMMERCE (= part dans une société) share

* * *

action nf

1 ( fait d'agir) action; il serait temps de passer à l'action gén it's time to act; ( combattre) it's time for action; entrer en action Mil to go into action; l'entrée en action de l'armée the army's involvement in the conflict; un homme/une femme d'action a man/a woman of action; avoir toute liberté d'action to have complete freedom of action; être en action [personne] to be in action; en action [machine, mécanisme] in operation; mettre qch en action to put sth into operation [mesure, plan]; un sportif en (pleine) action a sportsman in action; volonté d'action will to act;

2 ( façon d'agir) action; programme or plan d'action plan of action; moyens d'action courses of action; avoir une unité d'action to have a common plan of action; champ d'action field of action;

3 ( effet) effect; l'action du temps the effects of time; avoir une action bénéfique/néfaste/immunologique to have a positive/a negative/an immunizing effect; sous l'action de qch under the effect of sth; l'action de qch sur qch/qn the effect of sth on sth/sb; l'action de qn sur qch/qn sb's influence on sth/sb;

4 ( acte) action, act; une action irresponsable/stupide an irresponsible/a stupid action; des actions criminelles/individuelles/racistes criminal/individual/racist acts; une action d'éclat a remarkable feat; faire une action d'éclat to distinguish oneself; une bonne/mauvaise action a good/bad deed; j'ai fait ma bonne action de la journée I've done my good deed for the day;

5 ( initiative) initiative; Mil, Jur action; une action des Nations unies a UN initiative; actions culturelles culturel initiatives; mener des actions humanitaires to carry out a programme^GB of humanitarian aid; dégager des ressources pour des actions sociales to free money for social programmes^GB; entreprendre une action militaire offensive to take offensive action; intenter une action en justice à qn to take legal action against sb; intenter une action en diffamation to bring a libel action GB ou suit;

6 ( histoire) action; l'action se situe à Venise the action takes place in Venice; un film d'action an action film; un roman d'action an adventure novel; j'aime quand il y a de l'action I like a bit of action;

7 Fin share; actions et obligations securities; une société par actions a joint stock company; action A/B A/B share; action gratuite free share; action nominative registered share; action ordinaire ordinary share GB, common share US; action préférentielle preference share GB, preferred share US.

Composé

action de grâce(s) thanksgiving.

[aksjɔ̃] nom féminin

1. [acte] action, act

responsable de ses actions responsible for his actions

une action de grâces an offering of thanks

bonne/mauvaise action good/evil deed

faire une bonne action to do a good deed

faire une mauvaise action to commit an evil deed

faire de mauvaises actions to commit evil (deeds)

2. [activité] action (substantif non comptable)

l'action du gouvernement a été de laisser les forces s'équilibrer the government's course of action was to let the various forces balance each other out

passer à l'action

a. [généralement] to take action

b. MILITAIRE to go into action

assez parlé, il est temps de passer à l'action enough talking, let's get down to it ou take some action

dans le feu de l'action, en pleine action right in the middle ou at the heart of the action

l'action se passe en Europe/l'an 2000 the action takes place in Europe/the year 2000

3. [intervention] action

un conflit qui nécessite une action immédiate de notre part a conflict necessitating immediate action on our part

une action syndicale est à prévoir some industrial action is expected

action directe direct action

l'Action françaiseFrench nationalist and royalist group founded in the late nineteenth century

4. [effet] action, effect

l'action de l'acide sur le métal the action of acid on metal

un médicament à l'action lente a slow-acting medicine

5. FINANCE share

ses actions ont baissé/monté (figuré & humoristique) his stock has fallen/risen (figuré)

action de capital ≃ ordinary share

action différée/nominative deferred/registered stock

action ordinaire ordinary share

action au porteur transferable ou bearer share

actions cotées en Bourse common stock

action préférentielle preference share (UK), preferred share (US)

capital en actions equity capital

dividende en actions bonus issue (UK), stock dividend (US)

société par actions joint-stock company

6. DROIT action, lawsuit

intenter une action contre ou à quelqu'un to bring an action against somebody, to take legal action against somebody, to take somebody to court

action civile/en diffamation civil/libel action

7. ADMINISTRATION

action sanitaire et sociale health and social services

8. MILITAIRE & PHYSIQUE action

à double action double-action

9. GRAMMAIRE action

verbe d'action action verb

10. (Suisse) [vente promotionnelle] sale, special offer

————————

d'action locution adjectivale

1. [mouvementé - roman] action-packed

film d'action action film

2. [qui aime agir]

homme/femme d'action man/woman of action

3. POLITIQUE & SOCIOLOGIE

journée/semaine d'action day/week of action

en action locution adverbiale & locution adjectivale

in action

être en action to be in action

ils sont déjà en action sur les lieux they're already busy on the scene

entrer en action

a. [pompiers, police] to go into action

b. [loi, règlement] to become effective, to take effect

mettre quelque chose en action to set something in motion

la sirène s'est/a été mise en action the alarm went off/was set off

————————

sous l'action de locution prépositionnelle

due to, because of

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > action
3 juicio

m.

1 trial (law).

llevar a alguien a juicio to take somebody to court

el juicio Final (religion) the Last Judgement

2 (sound) judgment (sensatez).

estar/no estar en su (sano) juicio to be/not to be in one's right mind

perder el juicio to lose one's reason, to go mad

3 opinion.

a mi juicio in my opinion

no tengo suficientes elementos de juicio como para formarme una opinión I don't have enough information to base an opinion on

juicio de valor value judgment

4 resolution, final decision, judgement, judgment.

* * *

juicio

► nombre masculino

1 (gen) judgement

■ a mi juicio in my opinion

2 (sensatez) reason, common sense

3 DERECHO trial, lawsuit

4 RELIGIÓN judgement

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

a juicio de alguien in somebody's opinion

dejar algo a juicio de alguien to leave something to somebody's discretion

emitir un juicio sobre algo to express an opinion about something

en su sano juicio in one's right mind

llevar a alguien a juicio to take legal action against somebody, sue somebody

perder el juicio to go mad

Juicio Final / Juicio Universal Final Judgement

* * *

noun m.

1) trial

2) sense, reason

3) opinion

* * *

SM

1) (=inteligencia) judgment, reason

2) (=sensatez) good sense

asentar el juicio — to come to one's senses

lo dejo a su juicio — I leave it to your discretion

estar en su sano juicio — to be in one's right mind

estar fuera de juicio — to be out of one's mind

perder el juicio — to go mad

no tener juicio, tener poco juicio — to lack common sense

tener mucho juicio — to be sensible

3) (=opinión) opinion

a mi juicio — in my opinion

juicio de valor — value judgment

4) (Jur) (=proceso) trial; (=veredicto) verdict, judgment

llevar a algn a juicio — to take sb to court

juicio civil — criminal trial

juicio con jurado — trial by jury

juicio criminal — criminal trial

juicio de Dios — trial by ordeal

juicio en rebeldía — judgment by default

Juicio Final — Last Judgment

juicio sumario — summary trial

* * *

masculino

1) ( facultad) judgment

no está en su sano juicio — he's not in his right mind

perder el juicio — to go out of one's mind

me vas a hacer perder el juicio — you're going to drive me crazy o mad

2) (prudencia, sensatez) sense

tiene muy poco juicio — he's not very sensible

3) ( opinión) opinion

a mi juicio — in my opinion o to my mind

lo dejo a tu juicio — I'll leave it up to you

- juicio de valor

4) (Der) trial

llevar a juicio a alguien — to take somebody to court

ir a juicio — to go to court

•

- juicio civil/criminal

- juicio en rebeldía

- Juicio Final

* * *

= case, judgement [judgment], litigation, trial, lawsuit [law suit], suit, prosecution, legal case, court case, legal action, legal proceedings.

Ex. Enter a judgement and other judicial decisions of a court in a case under the heading for the court.

Ex. In my judgment, these changes will come about in one of two ways.

Ex. Through litigation some statements had been reinstated, but some elements still were not there at all.

Ex. Some of these documents were used as evidence in the Tokyo War Crimes trials.

Ex. Widespread photocopying will simply precipitate copyright infringement lawsuits.

Ex. They concluded that 'our citizens may rationally prefer to check crime and disorder by ounces of educational prevention, than by pounds of cure in the shape of large 'lockups' and expensive suits before the law'.

Ex. This article describes the legal consequences of the perpetration of these crimes and procedural aspects of their prosecution.

Ex. Prisoners rely on inadequate legal resources in prison law libraries to prepare legal cases to protect their constitutional rights.

Ex. This article reviews recent copyright court cases involving issues of information access and use.

Ex. However, the senders of these messages may be risking legal action for e-mail defamation.

Ex. In 1900, a 'Public Libraries Bill' was passed containing a provision exempting library managers and authorities from legal proceedings for libel.

----

* acta de juicio = trial record.

* a juicio = on trial.

* a juicio público = in the public eye.

* a + Posesivo + juicio = in + Posesivo + estimation.

* buen juicio = good judgement.

* celebrarse un juicio = trial + come up.

* con juicio de valor = value-loaded.

* día del Juicio Final = doomsday, Judgement Day.

* el día del Juicio Final = the Day of Judgement.

* El Juicio Final = The Last Judgement.

* emitir un juicio de valor = exercise + value judgment, pass + value judgement.

* en + Posesivo + juicio cabal = of (a) sound mind.

* en + Posesivo + sano juicio = in + Posesivo + right mind.

* entablar un juicio = file + lawsuit against, file + suit against.

* error de juicio = misunderstanding, error of judgement.

* ir a jucio = stand + trial, stand for + trial.

* juicio con jurado = jury trial.

* juicio criminal = criminal trial.

* juicio crítico = critical judgement.

* juicio de valor = value judgement.

* juicio final = doom.

* juicio moral = moral judgement.

* juicio temerario = snap judgement.

* llevar a Alguien a juicio = bring + lawsuit against + Alguien, take + legal action, take + legal proceedings.

* llevar a juicio = prosecute, sue, file + suit against, bring + a suit against, litigate, bring + criminal charges against, file + lawsuit against, take + Nombre + to court, bring + Nombre + to justice, put on + trial, try.

* mal juicio = bad judgement.

* muela del juicio = wisdom tooth.

* perder el juicio = lose + Posesivo + sanity.

* poner en tela de juicio = throw + doubt on, contest.

* sano de juicio = of (a) sound mind.

* sano juicio = sane.

* someter a juicio = try.

* * *

masculino

1) ( facultad) judgment

no está en su sano juicio — he's not in his right mind

perder el juicio — to go out of one's mind

me vas a hacer perder el juicio — you're going to drive me crazy o mad

2) (prudencia, sensatez) sense

tiene muy poco juicio — he's not very sensible

3) ( opinión) opinion

a mi juicio — in my opinion o to my mind

lo dejo a tu juicio — I'll leave it up to you

- juicio de valor

4) (Der) trial

llevar a juicio a alguien — to take somebody to court

ir a juicio — to go to court

•

- juicio civil/criminal

- juicio en rebeldía

- Juicio Final

* * *

= case, judgement [judgment], litigation, trial, lawsuit [law suit], suit, prosecution, legal case, court case, legal action, legal proceedings.

Ex: Enter a judgement and other judicial decisions of a court in a case under the heading for the court.

Ex: In my judgment, these changes will come about in one of two ways.

Ex: Through litigation some statements had been reinstated, but some elements still were not there at all.

Ex: Some of these documents were used as evidence in the Tokyo War Crimes trials.

Ex: Widespread photocopying will simply precipitate copyright infringement lawsuits.

Ex: They concluded that 'our citizens may rationally prefer to check crime and disorder by ounces of educational prevention, than by pounds of cure in the shape of large 'lockups' and expensive suits before the law'.

Ex: This article describes the legal consequences of the perpetration of these crimes and procedural aspects of their prosecution.

Ex: Prisoners rely on inadequate legal resources in prison law libraries to prepare legal cases to protect their constitutional rights.

Ex: This article reviews recent copyright court cases involving issues of information access and use.

Ex: However, the senders of these messages may be risking legal action for e-mail defamation.

Ex: In 1900, a 'Public Libraries Bill' was passed containing a provision exempting library managers and authorities from legal proceedings for libel.

* acta de juicio = trial record.

* a juicio = on trial.

* a juicio público = in the public eye.

* a + Posesivo + juicio = in + Posesivo + estimation.

* buen juicio = good judgement.

* celebrarse un juicio = trial + come up.

* con juicio de valor = value-loaded.

* día del Juicio Final = doomsday, Judgement Day.

* el día del Juicio Final = the Day of Judgement.

* El Juicio Final = The Last Judgement.

* emitir un juicio de valor = exercise + value judgment, pass + value judgement.

* en + Posesivo + juicio cabal = of (a) sound mind.

* en + Posesivo + sano juicio = in + Posesivo + right mind.

* entablar un juicio = file + lawsuit against, file + suit against.

* error de juicio = misunderstanding, error of judgement.

* ir a jucio = stand + trial, stand for + trial.

* juicio con jurado = jury trial.

* juicio criminal = criminal trial.

* juicio crítico = critical judgement.

* juicio de valor = value judgement.

* juicio final = doom.

* juicio moral = moral judgement.

* juicio temerario = snap judgement.

* llevar a Alguien a juicio = bring + lawsuit against + Alguien, take + legal action, take + legal proceedings.

* llevar a juicio = prosecute, sue, file + suit against, bring + a suit against, litigate, bring + criminal charges against, file + lawsuit against, take + Nombre + to court, bring + Nombre + to justice, put on + trial, try.

* mal juicio = bad judgement.

* muela del juicio = wisdom tooth.

* perder el juicio = lose + Posesivo + sanity.

* poner en tela de juicio = throw + doubt on, contest.

* sano de juicio = of (a) sound mind.

* sano juicio = sane.

* someter a juicio = try.

* * *

juicio

masculine

A (facultad) judgment

tiene una gran claridad de juicio he has very good judgment, he's very clear-sighted

no está en su sano juicio he's not in his right mind

perder el juicio to go out of one's mind

me vas a hacer perder el juicio you're going to drive me crazy o mad

B (prudencia, sensatez) sense

tiene muy poco juicio he's not very sensible, he's rather lacking in (common) sense

¡mucho juicio! don't do anything silly!, be sensible!

C (opinión) opinion

tiene derecho a expresar su juicio sobre el tema she has a right to express her opinion on the matter

a mi juicio, se han exagerado los hechos in my opinion o to my mind, the facts have been exaggerated

lo dejo a tu juicio I'll leave it up to you, I'll leave it to your discretion

todavía no tengo un juicio formado sobre el asunto I haven't formed an opinion on the subject yet

Compuesto:

juicio de valor

value judgment

D ( Der) trial

lo llevaron a juicio por plagio he was taken to court o sued for plagiarism

ir a juicio to go to court

Compuestos:

● juicio civil

civil proceedings (pl), civil action

● juicio criminal

criminal proceedings (pl), criminal trial

● juicio en rebeldía

judgment by default

● Juicio Final

el Juicio Final the Final Judgment

● juicio oral

trial ( where witnesses testify in person)

● juicio por crímenes de guerra

war trial

● juicio sumarísimo

brief o summary trial

E

( Chi fam) (caso): hacerle juicio a algn to listen to sb, to pay heed to sb

* * *

juicio sustantivo masculino
1 ( facultad) judgment;
◊ no está en su sano juicio he's not in his right mind;

perder el juicio to go out of one's mind
2 (prudencia, sensatez) sense
3 ( opinión) opinion;
◊ a mi juicio in my opinion, to my mind;

lo dejo a tu juicio I'll leave it up to you;
juicio de valor value judgment
4 (Der) trial;
◊ llevar a juicio a algn to take sb to court ;

ir a juicio to go to court;
juicio civil/criminal civil/criminal proceedings (pl);
el Jjuicio Final (Relig) the Final Judgment
juicio sustantivo masculino
1 (facultad mental) judgement, discernment
2 (parecer, criterio) opinion, judgement: a su juicio, nuestra decisión fue equivocada, in his opinion our decision was wrong
juicio de valor, value judgement
3 (sentido común, prudencia) reason, common sense
4 Jur trial, lawsuit
llevar a alguien a juicio, to take legal action against sb, sue sb
el día del Jucio Final, Judgement Day/the Last Judgement
♦ Locuciones: en su sano juicio, in one's right mind
perder el jucio, to go mad o insane
muela del juicio, wisdom tooth
' juicio' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
audiencia
- calidad
- celebrar
- celebración
- concepto
- condena
- consideración
- criterio
- elemento
- enloquecer
- hasta
- idea
- muela
- parecer
- repetir
- saltarín
- saltarina
- señalamiento
- sentir
- seso
- severa
- severo
- sintética
- sintético
- someter
- sumaria
- sumario
- sumarísima
- sumarísimo
- tela
- terminante
- testigo
- valoración
- aplazar
- apreciación
- cerrar
- certero
- engañar
- opinar
- parte
- postergar
- precipitado
- precipitarse
English:
adjourn
- assessment
- composed
- discrimination
- doe
- doomsday
- estimation
- fair
- foregone
- haul up
- have up
- judgement
- judgment
- lawsuit
- mind
- opinion
- pass
- proceedings
- prosecution
- reckoning
- retrial
- sanity
- sense
- spin out
- test case
- thinking
- trial
- verdict
- wisdom tooth
- wit
- case
- court
- doom
- exhibit
- hang
- law
- rational
- suit
- untried
- wisdom

* * *

juicio nm

1. Der trial;

llevar a alguien a juicio to take sb to court;

tener un juicio justo to receive a fair trial

Comp
juicio civil civil action; Rel el Juicio Final the Last Judgement;
el Día del Juicio Final Judgement Day;

juicio nulo mistrial;

juicio oral hearing;

juicio sumario summary trial;

juicio sumarísimo summary trial

2. [sensatez] (sound) judgement;
[cordura] sanity, reason;
no está en su (sano) juicio he is not in his right mind;

Comp

perder el juicio to lose one's reason, to go mad

3. [opinión] opinion;

a mi juicio in my opinion;

en el juicio de Emilio in Emilio's opinion;

no tengo un juicio formado sobre su actuación I haven't yet formed an opinion on their performance;

no tengo suficientes elementos de juicio como para formarme una opinión I don't have enough information to base an opinion on

Comp
juicio de valor value judgement
* * *

juicio

m

1 judg(e)ment;

a mi juicio in my opinion

2 JUR trial;

el juicio final REL the Last Judg(e)ment

3 ( sensatez) sense

4 ( cordura) sanity;

estar en su juicio be in one’s right mind;

perder el juicio lose one’s mind

* * *

juicio nm

1) : good judgment, reason, sense

2) : opinion

a mi juicio: in my opinion

3) : trial

llevar a juicio: to take to court

* * *

juicio n

1. (sensatez) common sense

es una persona con mucho juicio she's got a lot of common sense

2. (criterio) judgement

no debas hacer juicios sobre nadie sin conocerlo you mustn't judge people without knowing them

3. (proceso) trial

mañana empieza el juicio the trial begins tomorrow

a mi juicio in my opinion

llevar a juicio to take to court [pt. took; pp. taken]

perder el juicio to lose your mind [pt. & pp. lost]

Spanish-English dictionary > juicio
4 pleito

m.

1 legal action, lawsuit (law) (litigio).

poner un pleito (a alguien) to take legal action (against somebody)

2 argument. ( Latin American Spanish)

3 fight, argument, quarrel, altercation.

* * *

pleito

► nombre masculino

1 litigation, lawsuit

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

poner un pleito a alguien to sue somebody

* * *

noun m.

lawsuit

* * *

SM

1) (Jur) lawsuit, case
pl pleitos litigation sing
andar en pleitos — to be engaged in lawsuits o litigation

entablar pleito — to bring an action, bring a lawsuit

ganar el pleito — to win one's case

poner pleito — to sue, bring an action

poner pleito a algn — to bring an action against sb, take sb to court

pleito civil — civil action

pleito de acreedores — bankruptcy proceedings pl

2) (=litigio) dispute

3) esp LAm (=discusión) quarrel, argument; (=pelea) fight, brawl

estar a pleito con algn — to be at odds with sb

no quiero meterme en pleitos — I don't want to get into an argument

4)

pleito homenaje — homage

* * *

masculino

1) (Der) action, lawsuit

entablar pleito — to bring an action o a lawsuit

tienen un pleito con el dueño — they're involved in a legal dispute with the landlord

2) (AmL)

a) (disputa, discusión) argument, fight (colloq)

estar de pleito — (Méx) to be arguing o (colloq) fighting

b) ( de boxeo) fight, boxing match

* * *

= litigation, lawsuit [law suit], suit.

Ex. Through litigation some statements had been reinstated, but some elements still were not there at all.

Ex. Widespread photocopying will simply precipitate copyright infringement lawsuits.

Ex. They concluded that 'our citizens may rationally prefer to check crime and disorder by ounces of educational prevention, than by pounds of cure in the shape of large 'lockups' and expensive suits before the law'.

----

* entablar un pleito = file + lawsuit against, file + suit against.

* pleito civil = civil litigation.

* * *

masculino

1) (Der) action, lawsuit

entablar pleito — to bring an action o a lawsuit

tienen un pleito con el dueño — they're involved in a legal dispute with the landlord

2) (AmL)

a) (disputa, discusión) argument, fight (colloq)

estar de pleito — (Méx) to be arguing o (colloq) fighting

b) ( de boxeo) fight, boxing match

* * *

= litigation, lawsuit [law suit], suit.

Ex: Through litigation some statements had been reinstated, but some elements still were not there at all.

Ex: Widespread photocopying will simply precipitate copyright infringement lawsuits.

Ex: They concluded that 'our citizens may rationally prefer to check crime and disorder by ounces of educational prevention, than by pounds of cure in the shape of large 'lockups' and expensive suits before the law'.

* entablar un pleito = file + lawsuit against, file + suit against.

* pleito civil = civil litigation.

* * *

pleito

masculine

A ( Der) action, lawsuit

entablar pleito to bring an action o a lawsuit

ganar un pleito to win a case o an action o a lawsuit

tienen un pleito con el dueño they're involved in a legal dispute with the landlord

B

1 ( AmL) (disputa, discusión) argument, fight ( colloq)

estar de pleito ( Méx); to be arguing o ( colloq) fighting

siempre están de pleito they're always arguing o quarreling o fighting

terminamos de pleito we ended up fighting o arguing

andan de pleito por tu culpa it's your fault that they've fallen out

2 ( AmL) (de boxeo) fight, boxing match

* * *

pleito sustantivo masculino
1 (Der) action, lawsuit
2 (AmL)
a) (disputa, discusión) argument, fight (colloq)

b) ( de boxeo) fight, boxing match

pleito sustantivo masculino Jur lawsuit
' pleito' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
promover
- causa
- perder
English:
bring
- lawsuit
- sue
- suit
- case

* * *

pleito nm

1. Der [litigio] lawsuit;
[disputa] dispute;
ganar/perder un pleito to win/lose a case o lawsuit;

poner un pleito (a alguien) to take legal action (against sb)

2. Am [discusión] argument

3. Méx [de boxeo] fight

* * *

pleito

m

1 JUR lawsuit;

poner un pleito a alguien sue s.o.

2 fig

dispute

3 Méx
DEP fight
* * *

pleito nm

1) : lawsuit

2) : fight, argument, dispute

* * *

pleito n lawsuit

Spanish-English dictionary > pleito
5 дело

1. (работа, действие, постъпка) work, deed, act, affair

(дейност, която поглъща целия живот на човека) life-work

(постижение) achievement

(проява) performance

на дело virtually

и на дело, и на думи both in word and in deed

на дело, ако не на думи in practice if not in profession

добро дело a good deed

велико дело a great deed, feat, exploit

научно дело a scientific achievement

дело на човешки ръце something made by human work/workmanship/hands

дело съм на be a/the work of

извършвам добро дело do a good action/deed

показвам на дело prove by deeds

превръщам в живо дело realize. carry into effect, implement

2. (кауза) cause

за право дело in a good cause

боря се за добро дело fight the good fight

боря се за делото на fight in the cause of

подкрепям/отстоявам делото на take up the cause of

умирам за право дело die in a good/In the right cause

3. юр. case, lawsuit, suit/action (at law)

гражданско/углавно дело a civil/criminal trial

дело за обида/клевета a libel suit/action

завеждам дело go to law

завеждам дело против bring/take an action against, initiate/institute legal proceedings against, go to law with, have/take the law of/on, sue, prosecute

водя дело против be at law with

водя дело (за адвокат) conduct a suit

възлагам дело на адвокат brief a lawyer

имам дело (за адвокат) have a case on

привличам по-- garnish

гледам дело try a case

делото се разглежда от съда the case is up before the court

безкрайно гледане на дела a long chain of litigation

4. (кръг от знания) science

аптечно дело pharmacy

военно дело military science

кооперативно дело co-operation

театрално дело drama, theatrical profession/art

просветно дело education

хладилно дело refrigeration

държавни дела state affairs/matters/concerns

5. кани. file

лично дело a personal life, personal records

слагам към дело file (away)

* * *

дѐло,

ср., -а̀ 1. ( работа, действие, постъпка) work, deed, act, affair; ( дейност, която поглъща целия живот на човека) life-work; ( постижение) achievement; ( проява) performance; велико \делоо a great deed, feat, exploit; \делоо на човешка ръка археол. artifact; \делоо на човешки ръце something made by human work/workmanship/hands; \делоо съм на be a/the work of; и на \делоо, и на думи both in word and in deed; на \делоо virtually; in effect, de facto; на \делоо, ако не на думи in practice if not in profession; научно \делоо scientific achievement; показвам на \делоо prove by deeds; превръщам в живо \делоо realize, carry into effect, implement;

2. ( кауза) cause; боря се за \делоото fight in the cause of; за право \делоо in a good/the right cause; подкрепям/отстоявам \делоото на take up the cause of;

3. юр. case, lawsuit, suit/action (at law); безкрайно гледане на \делоа a long chain of litigation; водя \делоо (за адвокат) conduct a suit; водя \делоо против be at law with; възлагам \делоо на адвокат brief a lawyer; гледам \делоо try a case; гражданско/углавно \делоо civil/criminal trial; \делоо за обида/клевета libel suit/action; \делоо от общ характер criminal case/proceedings; \делоо от частен характер private action; \делоото се разглежда от съда the case is up before the court; завеждам \делоо go to law; завеждам \делоо против bring/take an action against, initiate/institute legal proceedings against, go to law with, have/take the law of/on, sue, prosecute; имам \делоо (за адвокат) have a case on; привличам по \делоо garnish;

4. ( област от познанието, от професия, занаят, изкуство и пр.) science; аптечно \делоо pharmacy; военно \делоо military science; военноинженерно \делоо military engineering; държавни \делоа state affairs/matters/concerns; кооперативно \делоо co-operation; просветно \делоо education; театрално \делоо drama, theatrical profession/art;

5. канц. file; лично \делоо personal file, personal records; слагам към \делоо file (away).

* * *

act ; action ; affair ; deed ; doing (съдебно); life- work (дело, което поглъща целия живот на човека)

* * *
1. (дейност, която поглъща целия живот на човека) life-work 2. (кауза) cause 3. (кръг от знания) science 4. (постижение) achievement 5. (проява) performance 6. (работа, действие, постъпка) work, deed, act, affair 7. 3, юр. case, lawsuit, suit/action (at law) 8. ДЕЛО за обида/клевета a libel suit/ action 9. ДЕЛО на човешки ръце something made by human work/workmanship/hands 10. ДЕЛО съм на be a/the work of 11. ДЕЛОто се разглежда от съда the case is up before the court 12. аптечно ДЕЛО pharmacy 13. безкрайно гледане на дела а long chain of litigation 14. боря се за ДЕЛОто на fight in the cause of 15. боря се за добро ДЕЛО fight the good fight 16. велико ДЕЛО a great deed, feat. exploit 17. водя ДЕЛО (за адвокат) conduct a suit 18. водя ДЕЛО против be at law with 19. военно ДЕЛО military science 20. възлагам ДЕЛО на адвокат brief a lawyer 21. гледам ДЕЛО try a case 22. гражданско/углавно ДЕЛО a civil/ criminal trial 23. добро ДЕЛО a good deed 24. държавни дела state affairs/matters/concerns 25. за право ДЕЛО in a good cause 26. завеждам ДЕЛО go to law 27. завеждам ДЕЛО против bring/take an action against, initiate/ institute legal proceedings against, go to law with, have/take the law of/on, sue, prosecute 28. и на ДЕЛО, и на думи both in word and in deed 29. извършвам добро ДЕЛО do a good action/deed 30. имам ДЕЛО (за адвокат) have a case on 31. кани. file 32. кооперативно ДЕЛО co-operation 33. лично ДЕЛО a personal life, personal records 34. на ДЕЛО virtually 35. на ДЕЛО, ако не на думи in practice if not in profession 36. научно ДЕЛО a scientific achievement 37. подкрепям/ отстоявам ДЕЛОто на take up the cause of 38. показвам на ДЕЛО prove by deeds 39. превръщам в живо ДЕЛО realize. carry into effect, implement 40. привличам по --garnish 41. просветно ДЕЛО education 42. слагам към ДЕЛО file (away) 43. театрално ДЕЛО drama, theatrical profession/art 44. умирам за право ДЕЛО die in a good/In the right cause 45. хладилно ДЕЛО refrigeration

Български-английски речник > дело
6 acción

f.

1 action, act, deed.

2 share, equity, stock certificate, share certificate.

3 action, acting.

4 action, movement.

5 operation.

6 suit, lawsuit, action, case.

* * *

acción

► nombre femenino

1 action (acto) act, deed

2 (efecto) effect

■ la acción del agua sobre la piel the effect of water on the skin

3 COMERCIO share

4 DERECHO action, lawsuit

5 TEATRO plot

6 MILITAR action

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

ejercitar una acción contra alguien DERECHO to bring an action against somebody

entrar en acción MILITAR to go into action

ponerse en acción to start doing something

acción de gracias thanksgiving

acción de guerra act of war

campo de acción field of action

hombre de acción man of action

película de acción adventure film

* * *

noun m.

1) action

2) act, deed

3) share, stock

* * *

SF

1) (=actividad) action

es hora de pasar a la acción — it's time to take action

¡luces, cámara, acción! — lights, camera, action!

el programa de acción — the programme of action

• en acción — in action

puso el plan en acción — he put the plan in action

ponerse en acción — to go into action

• estar en acción — Cuba * to be busy

• hombre de acción — man of action

• película de acción — action film, action movie ( esp EEUU)

acción directa — (Pol) direct action

2) (=acto) act

llevaron a cabo una acción condenable — they committed a reprehensible act

deben ser juzgados por sus acciones y no por sus palabras — they should be judged by their deeds, not by their words

• buena acción — good deed

• mala acción, sufrirán justo castigo por sus malas acciones — they will receive fair punishment for their evil deeds

es incapaz de una mala acción — he would never do anything bad

- unir la acción a la palabra

acción de gracias — thanksgiving

3) (=efecto) [de medicamento, viento] action

su acción sobre el sistema nervioso — its action on the nervous system

por acción química — by chemical action

una crema adelgazante de acción rápida — a fast-acting slimming cream

lo recomiendan por su acción relajante — it is recommended for its relaxing effect

• de acción retardada — [bomba, mecanismo] delayed-action antes de s

4) (Mil) [gen] action; (=operación) operation

han condenado la acción militar estadounidense — the American military action has been condemned

una de las zonas de acción de la guerrilla — one of the areas where the guerrillas are active

una acción que dejó varios heridos — an operation which left several wounded

• muerto en acción — killed in action

• fuerza o brigada de acción rápida — rapid action force

acción de guerra — military operation

5) (Teat, Literat, Cine) (=trama) action

la acción se desarrolla en Italia — the action takes place in Italy

acción aparte — by-play

6) (=movimiento) [de la cara, cuerpo] movement

sus acciones eran cada vez más lentas — her movements were slower and slower

7) (Jur) action

acción judicial, acción legal — [gen] legal action; (=pleito) lawsuit

van a emprender acciones legales — they are going to take legal action

han presentado una acción judicial contra el periódico — they have taken out a lawsuit against the newspaper

acción penal — criminal action

acción popular — people's action

8) (Com, Econ) share

capital en acciones — share capital

emisión de acciones — share issue, stock issue

acción cotizada en bolsa — listed share, quoted share

acción de oro — golden share

acción liberada — fully-paid share

acción ordinaria — ordinary share, common stock (EEUU)

acción preferente — preference share, preferred stock (EEUU)

acción primitiva — ordinary share, common stock (EEUU)

acción prioritaria — priority share

acción sin voto — non-voting share

* * *

femenino

1) (acto, hecho) act

hacer una buena acción — to do a good deed

acciones dignas de elogio — praiseworthy acts o actions

- acción de gracias

2) ( actividad) action

poner algo en acción — to put something into action

novela de acción — adventure story

luces, cámara, acción! — lights, camera, action!

3) (Mil) action

entrar en acción — to go into action

acción defensiva/ofensiva — defensive/offensive action

muerto en acción — killed in action

4) (influencia, efecto) action

está bajo la acción de un sedante — she is under sedation

5) (Cin, Lit) ( trama) action, plot

6) (Der) action, lawsuit

7) (Fin) share

acciones — shares o stock

emitir acciones — to issue shares o stock

- acciones nominales/ordinarias

8) (Per) ( de una rifa) ticket

* * *

femenino

1) (acto, hecho) act

hacer una buena acción — to do a good deed

acciones dignas de elogio — praiseworthy acts o actions

- acción de gracias

2) ( actividad) action

poner algo en acción — to put something into action

novela de acción — adventure story

luces, cámara, acción! — lights, camera, action!

3) (Mil) action

entrar en acción — to go into action

acción defensiva/ofensiva — defensive/offensive action

muerto en acción — killed in action

4) (influencia, efecto) action

está bajo la acción de un sedante — she is under sedation

5) (Cin, Lit) ( trama) action, plot

6) (Der) action, lawsuit

7) (Fin) share

acciones — shares o stock

emitir acciones — to issue shares o stock

- acciones nominales/ordinarias

8) (Per) ( de una rifa) ticket

* * *

acción¹

¹ = action, action, action project, deed.

Ex: Coates believed that in order to conceptualise an action it is necessary to visualise the thing on which the action is being performed.

Ex: Americans, convinced that education could be the panacea for all their ills, answered with vigorous action.

Ex: Action projects include a computer database of all parochial charities in England and Wales, a survey of all charities, and production of a charity newsheet.

Ex: Books were kept for historical records of deeds done by the inhabitants: their worthy acts as well as their sins.

* acción compensatoria = anti-dumping action, countervailing action.

* acción concertada = concerted action project, concerted action.

* acción contra el fuego = fire response.

* acción de averiguar y resolver problemas = troubleshooting [trouble shooting].

* acción de dar un nombre a Algo = naming.

* acción de ejercer presión = lobbying.

* acción de guardar documentos = save.

* acción de marcar un número = dialling.

* acción de mejora = improvement action.

* acción de volver a contar algo = retelling.

* acción de volver a tejar = retiling.

* acción directa = direct action project, direct action.

* acciones legales = legal proceedings.

* acciones positivas = affirmative action.

* acción indirecta = indirect action project.

* acción innegable = estoppel.

* acción legal = legal action.

* acción militar = military action.

* acción policial = police response.

* acción popular = class action suit, class action.

* acción positiva = positive action.

* acción transitiva = transitive actions.

* ámbito de acción = territory, sphere of influence.

* amplio radio de acción = broad scope.

* área de acción = remit.

* aventura de acción = action adventure.

* campo de acción = purview, scope.

* con una sola acción = in one action.

* de acción = action-centered.

* dentro del radio de acción = within range.

* ejecutar una acción = effect + execution.

* emprender acciones legales = take + legal proceedings, take + legal action.

* emprender una acción = initiate + action.

* entrar en acción = enter + the picture.

* grupo de acción ciudadana = citizen action group, community action group.

* impulsar a la acción = galvanise into + action.

* incitar a Alguien a la acción = stir + Nombre + into action.

* investigación-acción = action research.

* libertad de acción = leeway.

* línea de acción = course of action.

* lleno de acción = actionful [action-full], action-packed.

* llevar a cabo una acción = effect + execution.

* película de acción = action movie, action adventure.

* persona de acción = doer.

* radio de acción = radius of + Posesivo + action.

* realizar una acción = perform + action, effect + execution.

* seguir un curso de acción = follow + track.

* término de acción = action term.

* trazabilidad de las acciones = action tracking.

acción²

² = share, shareholding.

Ex: Shares are generally bought and sold on the stock exchange.

Ex: This article discusses the possibility of joint ventures, with Western companies purchasing a shareholding to give them a say in the running of Soviet organisations.

* acciones = equities, stock, equity shares.

* acciones ordinarias = common stock.

* cartera de acciones = portfolio.

* compra de acciones = shareholding.

* cotización de las acciones = share price.

* opción de compra de acciones = stock option.

* precio de las acciones = share price.

* sacar acciones al mercado = go + public.

* * *

acción

feminine

A (acto, hecho) act

hacer una buena acción to do a good deed

una acción audaz a bold act

acciones dignas de elogio praiseworthy acts o actions

Compuesto:

acción de gracias

thanksgiving

B (actividad) action

pusieron el plan en acción they put the plan into action

pasaron a la acción they took action

mecanismo de acción retardada delayed action mechanism

un hombre de acción a man of action

novela de acción adventure story

¡luces, cámara, acción! lights, camera, action!

C ( Mil) action

entrar en acción to go into action

las acciones del ejército contra los insurgentes the action taken by the army against the rebels, the raids o attacks by the army on the rebels

acción defensiva/ofensiva defensive/offensive action

no se descarta una acción militar contra ellos military action against them has not been ruled out

muerto en acción killed in action

Compuesto:

acción de armas or de guerra

military action

D (influencia, efecto) action

está bajo la acción de un sedante she is under sedation

la acción erosiva del agua the erosive action of water

E ( Cin, Lit) (trama) action, plot

la acción se desarrolla or transcurre en Egipto the action o the story o the plot takes place in Egypt

F ( Der) action, lawsuit

Compuesto:

acción judicial

legal action, lawsuit

G ( Fin) share

acciones en alza rising stocks o shares

tiene el 51% de las acciones she holds 51% of the shares o stock

emitir acciones to issue shares o stock

Compuestos:

● acción con derecho a voto

voting share

● acciones con cotización oficial

fpl listed o quoted stock, listed o quoted shares o stocks (pl)

● acciones en circulación

fpl issued stock, issued shares (pl)

● acciones liberadas

fpl bonus stock, bonus shares (pl)

● acciones nominales or nominativas

fpl registered stock, registered shares (pl)

● acciones ordinarias

fpl ordinary stock, ordinary shares (pl)

● acciones preferentes or de preferencia

fpl preference stock, preference shares (pl)

● acciones prioritarias

priority stock, priority shares (pl)

● acciones sin cotización oficial

fpl unlisted o unquoted stock, unlisted o unquoted shares o stocks (pl)

H ( Per) (de una rifa) ticket

* * *

acción sustantivo femenino
1 (acto, hecho) act;
◊ acciones dignas de elogio praiseworthy acts o actions;

hacer una buena acción to do a good deed;
acción de gracias thanksgiving
2
a) ( actividad) action;

◊ poner algo en acción to put sth into action;

novela de acción adventure story;
una película llena de acción an action-packed movie o (BrE) film
b) (Mil) action

c) (Cin, Lit) ( trama) action, plot

3
a) (Der) action, lawsuit

b) (Fin) share;

◊ acciones shares, stock

4 (Per) ( de una rifa) ticket
acción sustantivo femenino
1 action
(acto) act
acción de gracias, thanksgiving
hombre de acción, man of action
película de acción, adventure film
2 Fin share
' acción' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acuartelamiento
- alquiler
- ampliar
- andar
- arrendamiento
- asesinar
- asesoramiento
- burrada
- campo
- carga
- cierre
- clasificación
- coger
- comenzar
- compinche
- compra
- conducción
- construcción
- continuamente
- dar
- desagüe
- ejercer
- embarcación
- enfoque
- enjuague
- entablar
- envío
- estacionamiento
- estímulo
- estrechamiento
- expandir
- falsificación
- gesto
- hacer
- hasta
- hecha
- hecho
- hilada
- hilado
- impertinencia
- importación
- inocente
- lectura
- limpieza
- localización
- machada
- mezcla
- niñería
- objeto
- obra
English:
about
- acceptance
- accumulation
- accustom
- achievement
- act
- action
- action-packed
- adjourn
- apparition
- appearance
- assignment
- attachment
- begin
- bite
- blameless
- call
- cause
- cold-hearted
- concoct
- corrupt
- cranberry
- crime
- crooked
- cut
- data processing
- decision
- dedication
- delusion
- doing
- duplicate
- elevation
- favor
- favour
- feel
- foolish
- formidable
- fraud
- free rein
- honourable
- imitation
- immodest
- import
- impossible
- inept
- insane
- institute
- institution
- interest
- jaywalking

* * *

acción

♦ nf

1. [efecto de hacer] action;

en acción in action, in operation;

entrar o [m5] ponerse en acción [persona] to go into action;

pasar a la acción to take action;

puso la maquinaria en acción she switched on the machinery;

películas de acción action movies o Br films;

un hombre de acción a man of action

Comp
Pol acción directa direct action
2. [hecho] deed, act;

una buena acción a good deed

Comp
Rel acción de gracias thanksgiving
3. [influencia] effect, action;

la acción de la luz sobre los organismos marinos the effect of sunlight on marine organisms;

rocas erosionadas por la acción del viento rocks eroded by the wind

Comp
acción detergente detergent effect;
acción y reacción action and reaction

4. [combate] action

5. [de relato, película] action;

la acción tiene lugar en Venezuela the action takes place in Venezuela

6. Fin share;

acciones esp Br shares, esp US stock

Comp
acciones en cartera Br shares o US stock in portfolio;
acciones liberadas paid-up Br shares o US stock;

acciones ordinarias Br ordinary shares, US common stock;

acción de oro golden share;

acción al portador bearer share;

acciones preferentes Br preference shares, US preferred stock;

acciones de renta fija Br fixed-interest shares, US fixed-income stock

7. Der acción civil civil action;

acción legal lawsuit;

iniciar acciones legales contra alguien to take legal action against sb;

acción popular action brought by the People

♦ interj

action!;

¡luces!, ¡cámaras!, ¡acción! lights!, camera!, action!

* * *

acción

f

1 action;

entrar en acción come into action;

poner en acción put into action

2 COM share;

acciones pl stock sg, Br shares

* * *

acción nf, pl acciones

1) : action

2) acto: act, deed

3) : share, stock

* * *

acción n

1. (actividad) action

una película de acción an action film

2. (acto) act / deed

una buena acción a good deed

3. (efecto) effect

la acción de la droga the effect of the drug

4. (parte de capital) share

mi padre compró acciones de su empresa my father bought some shares in his company

Spanish-English dictionary > acción
7 demanda

f.

1 request.

demanda salarial wage claim

en demanda de asking for

2 demand (economics).

La ley de la oferta y la demanda the law of supply and demand.

3 lawsuit (law).

presentar una demanda contra to take legal action against

demanda de divorcio petition for a divorce

pres.indicat.

3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: demandar.

imperat.

2^nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: demandar.

* * *

demanda

► nombre femenino

1 (petición) petition, request

2 (pregunta) inquiry

3 COMERCIO (pedido de mercancías) demand

■ este verano la demanda de ventiladores ha aumentado this summer the demand for fans has increased

4 DERECHO lawsuit

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

en demanda de asking for

estimar una demanda to allow a claim

presentar una demanda contra alguien to take legal action against somebody

la ley de la oferta y la demanda the law of supply and demand

* * *

noun f.

1) demand

2) lawsuit

3) request

* * *

SF

1) (=solicitud) request (de for)
[exigiendo] demand (de for)
escribir en demanda de ayuda — to write asking for help

ir en demanda de algo — to go in search of sth, go looking for sth

- morir en la demanda

demanda de extradición — extradition request

demanda del Santo Grial — quest for the Holy Grail

demanda de pago — demand for payment

2) esp LAm (=pregunta) inquiry

3) (Com) demand

hay una gran demanda de profesores — teachers are in great demand

tener demanda — to be in demand

ese producto no tiene demanda — there is no demand for that product

demanda de mercado — market demand

demanda final — final demand

demanda indirecta — derived demand
oferta 2)
4) (Teat) call

5) (Elec) load

demanda máxima — peak load

6) (Jur) action, lawsuit

entablar demanda — to bring an action, sue

presentar demanda de divorcio a algn — to sue sb for divorce

demanda civil — private prosecution

demanda judicial — legal action

* * *

femenino

1) (Com) demand

la ley de la oferta y la demanda — the law of supply and demand

tiene mucha demanda — it's in great demand

2)

a) (Der) lawsuit

presentar una demanda contra alguien — to bring a lawsuit against somebody

interponer una demanda — to bring a lawsuit, to file suit (AmE)

b) ( petición) request

accedí a su demanda — I agreed to his request

se volvió hacia ella en demanda de ayuda — he turned to her for help

se manifestaron en demanda de mejores condiciones de trabajo — they demonstrated for better working conditions

* * *

femenino

1) (Com) demand

la ley de la oferta y la demanda — the law of supply and demand

tiene mucha demanda — it's in great demand

2)

a) (Der) lawsuit

presentar una demanda contra alguien — to bring a lawsuit against somebody

interponer una demanda — to bring a lawsuit, to file suit (AmE)

b) ( petición) request

accedí a su demanda — I agreed to his request

se volvió hacia ella en demanda de ayuda — he turned to her for help

se manifestaron en demanda de mejores condiciones de trabajo — they demonstrated for better working conditions

* * *

demanda¹

= demand, pressure, push towards, request, exigency, clamour [clamor, -USA].

Ex: The best indexing system can respond to these various demands.

Ex: The pressures of the marketplace mean that any vital facility must be offered by all of the major hosts.

Ex: In the frenetic push towards international cooperation among research libraries, the library needs of the nonscholar are easily overlooked.

Ex: Because the co-ordination of index terms in the index description is decided before any particular request is made, the index is termed a pre-co-ordinate index.

Ex: The LA dangles between short-term exigencies and long-term potentials, and a call for cuts in library school output is trying to cure symptoms rather than diseases.

Ex: Chilton Book Company is probably the largest publisher of repair guides for automobiles and motorcycles, and there is no end to the clamor for these tools at a reference desk.

* a demanda = pro re nata.

* atender a una demanda = cater for/to + interest.

* atender una demanda = cater for/to + demand.

* aumento de la demanda = increase in (the) demand, increased demand.

* ceder a una demanda = bow to + demand.

* crear demanda = make + demand.

* demanda cada vez menor = falling demand.

* demanda comercial = market demand, commercial demand.

* demanda de mercado = market demand.

* demanda de temporada = seasonal demand.

* demanda estacional = seasonal demand.

* demanda fija = inelastic demand.

* demanda masiva = mass market.

* demanda popular = public demand.

* demandas = demand load.

* demanda según la temporada = seasonal demand.

* demanda sin variaciones = inelastic demand.

* edición según la demanda = on-demand publishing.

* en demanda = in-demand.

* estimar la demanda de Algo = gauge + the demand for.

* existir una demanda de = there + be + call for.

* hora de mayor demanda = peak time.

* incremento de la demanda = increased demand.

* indización según la demanda = request-oriented indexing.

* la demanda de = a call for.

* ley de la oferta y la demanda = law of supply and demand.

* nivel de demanda = level of demand.

* oferta y demanda = supply and demand.

* período de mayor demanda = peak time.

* publicación según la demanda = on-demand publishing.

* revista que tiene una gran demanda popular = mass-market journal.

* satisfacer una demanda = meet + demand, satisfy + demand.

demanda²

² = appeal, plea, claim, demand.

Ex: Special prominence has been given to the appeals to implement this task, in which libraries have to play an influential part.

Ex: One recent plea for a classification of bibliography along these lines has been by Lloyd Hibberd.

Ex: Dialog also wants relief from outstanding royalty claims from the American Chemical Society.

Ex: Demands from clients will often throw up an occurrence of similar problems, revealing perhaps the operation of an injustice, the lack of an amenity in the neighbourhood, or simply bureaucratic inefficiency.

* demanda colectiva = class action suit, class action.

* demanda colectiva de los inversionistas = securities class action.

* demanda judicial = litigation, legal action, legal proceedings.

* entablar una demanda = bring + a suit against, file + suit against, file + lawsuit against.

* interponer demanda = face + legal action.

* interponer una demanda = bring + a suit against.

* notificación de demanda = notice of demand.

* poner una demanda = face + legal action.

* presentar una demanda = file + suit against, file + lawsuit against.

* presentar una demanda judicial = take + legal action, take + legal proceedings.

* * *

demanda

feminine

A ( Com) demand

la ley de la oferta y la demanda the law of supply and demand

un producto que tiene mucha demanda a product which is in great demand

días de mayor demanda days when demand is greatest

B

1 ( Der) lawsuit

ha presentado una demanda contra ellos he is suing them, he has brought a lawsuit against them

interponer una demanda to bring a lawsuit, to file suit ( AmE)

2

(petición): lo siento mucho, pero no puedo acceder a su demanda I am very sorry but I cannot agree to your request

plantearon su demanda al gobierno they presented their demands to the government

se volvió hacia ella en demanda de ayuda he turned to her for help

se manifestaron en demanda de mejores condiciones de trabajo they held a demonstration to demand o they demonstrated for better working conditions

me miró, como en demanda de una explicación she looked at me, as if asking for an explanation

C ( liter)

(empresa): morir or perecer en la demanda to die o ( frml) perish in the attempt

* * *

Del verbo demandar: ( conjugate demandar)

demanda es:

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

Multiple Entries:
demanda
demandar
demanda sustantivo femenino
1 (Com) demand;
◊ tiene mucha demanda it's in great demand

2
a) (Der) lawsuit;

◊ presentar una demanda contra algn to bring a lawsuit against sb

b) ( petición) request;

◊ accedí a su demanda I agreed to his request

demandar ( conjugate demandar) verbo transitivo
1 (Der) to sue
2 (AmL) ( requerir) to require
demanda sustantivo femenino
1 Jur lawsuit
2 Com demand
3 (petición, solicitud) demand: nadie atendió sus demandas de ayuda, nobody paid any attention to his pleas for help
demandar verbo transitivo
1 Jur to sue
2 (pedir) to demand
' demanda' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
denegar
- oferta
- atender
- caída
- cubrir
- desistir
- ley
- reclamación
- reivindicación
English:
action
- call
- claim
- complaint
- demand
- file
- lawsuit
- market demand
- peak
- run
- rush
- seasonal
- seek after
- slacken off
- slander
- snowball
- supply
- surge
- couple
- petition
- sought
- sue

* * *

demanda nf

1. [petición] request;
[reivindicación] demand;
atender las demandas de los trabajadores to respond to the workers' demands;

en demanda de asking for;

irán a la huelga en demanda de una mejora salarial they will go on strike in support of their demands for better pay

Comp
demanda de ayuda request for help;
demanda de empleo [solicitud] job application;

demanda de extradición extradition request;

demanda salarial wage claim

2. [en economía] demand;

hay mucha demanda de informáticos there is a great demand for computer specialists;

ha crecido la demanda de productos reciclables there has been an increase in demand for recyclable products;

la demanda de trabajo en el sector turístico es muy alta jobs in the tourist industry are in high demand;

la oferta y la demanda supply and demand

3. [en derecho] lawsuit;
[por daños y perjuicios] claim;
interponer o [m5] presentar una demanda contra to take legal action against;

presenté una demanda contra la constructora por daños y perjuicios I sued the builders for damages;

una demanda por difamación a libel suit

* * *

demanda

f

1 demand (de for);

en demanda de (asking) for

2 COM demand;

tener mucha demanda be very popular;

tiene poca demanda there’s not much demand for it, it’s not very popular

3 JUR lawsuit, claim;

presentar o

interponer una demanda contra alguien take legal action against s.o.

* * *

demanda nf

1) : demand

la oferta y la demanda: supply and demand

2) : petition, request

3) : lawsuit

* * *

demanda n

1. (de productos) demand

la oferta y la demanda supply and demand

2. (acción judicial) lawsuit

Spanish-English dictionary > demanda
8 parti

I.

parti¹ [paʀti]

1. masculine noun

   a. ( = groupe) party

   b. ( = solution) option

• prendre un parti to make up one's mind

• prendre le parti de faire qch to make up one's mind to do sth

• prendre le parti de qn

• prendre parti pour qn ( = donner raison à qn) to stand up for sb

• prendre parti (dans une affaire) ( = dire ce qu'on pense) to take a stand (on an issue)

• prendre son parti de qch to come to terms with sth

   c. ( = personne à marier) match

• beau or bon or riche parti good match

   d. (locutions) tirer parti de [+ situation] to take advantage of

2. compounds

► parti pris ( = préjugé) prejudice

• il est de parti pris he's prejudiced

• parti pris artistique/esthétique ( = choix) artistic/aesthetic choice

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PARTIS POLITIQUES FRANÇAIS

Among the many active right-wing political parties in France, one of the most prominent is the UMP (« Union pour un mouvement populaire »). On the centre right is the MODEM (Mouvement démocrate), and the foremost extreme right-wing party is the FN (« Front National »). On the left, the most influential party is the PS (« Parti socialiste »). The PCF (« Parti communiste français ») has lost a lot of ground and new parties such as the PG (« Parti de gauche ») and the MRG (« Mouvement radical de gauche ») have emerged. The LO (« Lutte ouvrière ») and the NPA (« Nouveau parti anticapitaliste ») are both extreme left-wing parties. The most prominent of France's ecological parties is « Europe écologie-Les Verts ». → ÉLECTIONS

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II.

parti², e¹ (inf) [paʀti]

past participle of partir adjective

( = ivre) tipsy

* * *

1.

partie paʀti (colloq) adjectif ( ivre)

être parti — to be tight (colloq)

être complètement parti — to be plastered (colloq)

2.

nom masculin

1) ( groupe de personnes) group; Politique party

le parti des mécontents — the malcontents (pl)

2) ( solution) option

prendre parti — to commit oneself

prendre parti contre quelqu'un — to side against somebody

prendre parti pour/contre quelque chose — to be for/against something

prendre le parti de quelqu'un — to side with somebody

prendre le parti de quelque chose — to opt for something

il a pris le parti de ne rien dire — he decided not to say anything

ne pas savoir quel parti prendre — not to know what to do for the best

3) (dated) ( personne à marier) suitable match

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- parti pris

••

prendre son parti de quelque chose — to come to terms with something

tirer parti de — to take advantage of [situation]; to turn [something] to good account [leçon, invention]

* * *
paʀti nm
1) POLITIQUE party

le Parti socialiste — the Socialist Party

2) (= décision)

prendre le parti de faire — to make up one's mind to do, to resolve to do

prendre son parti de — to come to terms with

prendre parti pour — to take sides for, to take a stand for

prendre parti pour — to take sides against, to take a stand against

parti pris — bias

prendre le parti de qn — to stand up for sb, to side with sb

3) (= personne à marier) match

4)

tirer parti de — to take advantage of, to turn to good account

* * *

parti, partie

A ○adj ( ivre) être parti to be tight○; être un peu parti to be tipsy○; être complètement parti to be plastered○.

B nm

1 ( groupe de personnes) group; le parti des mécontents the dissatisfied;

2 Pol party; les partis de l'opposition the opposition parties; avoir la carte d'un parti to be a card-carrying member of a party; le système du parti unique the one-party system;

3 ( solution) option; hésiter entre deux partis to hesitate between two options; prendre parti to commit oneself (sur qch on sth); prendre parti pour qn to take sb's side; prendre parti contre qn to be against sb; prendre parti pour/contre qch to be for/against sth; prendre le parti de qn to side with sb (contre qn against sb); prendre le parti de qch to opt for sth; prendre le parti de faire to decide to do; il a pris le parti de ne rien dire he decided not to say anything; ne pas savoir quel parti prendre not to know what to do for the best;

4 †( personne à marier) suitable match; être un beau or bon parti [homme] to be an eligible bachelor; [homme, femme] to be a catch○.

C partie nf

1 ( élément d'un tout) gén part; (d'une somme, d'un salaire) proportion, part; une partie de la population/des électeurs a proportion ou section of the population/of the voters; une partie des bénéfices/salaires a proportion of the profits/wages; les parties du corps the parts of the body; la première/deuxième partie de the first/second part of [livre, film, spectacle]; un feuilleton en six parties a television serial in six parts; une bonne or grande partie de a good ou large number of [personnes, objets, éléments]; a high proportion of [masse, ensemble, ressources]; la majeure partie des gens most people; la majeure partie de la population/des cas the majority of the population/of cases; en partie partly, in part; en grande partie to a large ou great extent; pour partie liter partly, in part; tout ou partie de all or part of; se faire rembourser tout ou partie des frais to have all or some of one's expenses paid; faire partie de to be part of [groupe, processus, idéologie, pays]; il fait partie de la famille he's one of the family; faire partie des premiers/derniers to be among the first/last; cela fait partie de leurs avantages that's one of their advantages; faire partie du passé to belong to the past; être or faire partie intégrante de qch to be an integral part of sth;

2 ( division de l'espace) part; dans cette partie du monde/de l'Afrique in this part of the world/of Africa; la partie est/ouest de Jérusalem the eastern/western part of Jerusalem;

3 ( division temporelle) part; il a plu une partie de la journée/nuit it rained for part of the day/night; ça m'a occupé une bonne partie de la matinée it took me a good part of the morning; il leur consacre une partie de son temps libre he devotes some of his free time to them; elle passe la majeure partie de son temps au travail/à dormir she spends most of her time at work/sleeping;

4 ( profession) line (of work); dans ma partie in my line (of work); il est de la partie it's in his line (of work); je ne suis pas du tout de la partie that's not at all in my line;

5 ⇒ Les jeux et les sports Jeux, Sport game; une partie de poker/de billard/d'échecs a game of poker/of billiards/of chess; une partie de tennis a game of tennis; une partie de cache-cache a game of hide-and-seek; une partie de golf a round of golf; faire or jouer une partie to have a game; la partie qui se joue entre les deux pays est difficile fig the ongoing situation between the two countries is tense; gagner/perdre une partie Jeux, Sport to win/lose a game; gagner/perdre la partie fig to win/lose the day; abandonner la partie Jeux, Sport to abandon the game; fig to give up (the fight); avoir la partie belle or facile fig to have an easy time of it; être de la partie fig to be in on it○; je fête mes trente ans, j'espère que tu seras de la partie I'm having a thirtieth birthday party, I hope you can come; nous ne pouvons pas venir à votre fête mais ce n'est que partie remise we can't make it to your party but maybe next time;

6 (dans une négociation, un contrat) party; les parties en présence/conflit the parties (involved)/the opposing parties; les parties contractantes/concernées the contracting/interested parties; les deux parties ont signé un accord the two parties signed an agreement; les parties belligérantes the warring parties ou factions; être partie prenante dans qch to be actively involved in [conflit, contrat, négociation];

7 Jur party; la partie adverse the opposing party;

8 Mus part; la partie de soprano/basse the soprano/bass part;

9 Math part.

D parties○ nfpl privates○.

Composés

parti pris bias; parti pris esthétique/politique aesthetic/political bias; parti pris de réalisme/modernité bias toward(s) realism/modernity; Parti conservateur Conservative Party; Parti communiste, PC Communist Party; Parti communiste français, PCF French Communist Party; Parti démocrate Democrat Party; Parti républicain Republican Party; Parti socialiste, PS Socialist Party; Parti travailliste Labour Party; partie carrée○ wife-swapping party; partie de chasse Chasse hunting party; partie civile Jur plaintiff; l'avocat de la partie civile the counsel for the plaintiff; se constituer or porter partie civile to take civil action; partie du discours Ling part of speech; partie fine orgy; partie de jambes en l'air○ legover◑ GB, screw◑; partie de pêche fishing trip; partie de plaisir fun; tu parles d'une partie de plaisir! iron that's not my idea of fun!; parties génitales or honteuses† private parts.

Idiomes

prendre son parti de qch to come to terms with sth; tirer parti de qch to take advantage of [situation, événement]; to turn [sth] to good account [leçon, invention]; faire un mauvais parti à qn to ill-treat sb; avoir affaire à forte partie to have a tough opponent; prendre qn à partie to take sb to task; ⇒ lier.

ⓘ Partis politiques In general, French political parties reflect a basic left/right divide. On the left, the main parties are the parti socialiste (PS) and the parti communiste français ( PCF) while the principal parties on the right are the Rassemblement pour la République ( RPR) and the Union pour la démocratie française ( UDF). These two groups regularly run a joint list known as the Alliance pour la France as part of an electoral pact. There are in addition more extreme groupings at both ends of the political spectrum. Beyond the left/right divide generally, the ecological movement is represented by Les Verts and Génération Écologie.

I

( féminin partie) [parti] adjectif

(familier) drunk, tight

tu étais bien parti hier soir! you were well away (UK) ou well gone last night!

II

[parti] nom masculin

1. POLITIQUE

parti (politique) (political) party

le parti communiste/conservateur/démocrate/républicain/socialiste the Communist/Conservative/Democratic/Republican/Socialist Party

parti communiste français French Communist Party

les partis de droite/gauche the parties of the right/left, the right-wing/left-wing parties

le système du parti unique the one-party system

2. (soutenu) [choix, décision] decision, course of action

prendre le parti de: prendre le parti de la modération to opt for moderation

prendre le parti de faire quelque chose to make up one's mind to do something, to decide to do something

prendre parti [prendre position] to take sides ou a stand

prendre parti pour/contre quelque chose to come out for/against something

prendre parti pour quelqu'un to side ou to take sides with somebody

prendre parti contre quelqu'un to take sides against somebody

prendre son parti: son parti est pris her mind is made up, she's made up her mind

en prendre son parti: elle ne sera jamais musicienne, il faut que j'en prenne mon/qu'elle en prenne son parti she'll never be a musician, I'll/she'll just have to accept it

3. [avantage]

tirer parti de

a. [situation] to take advantage of

b. [équipement] to put to good use

elle ne sait pas tirer parti de ses qualifications she doesn't know how to get the most out of her qualifications

elle tire parti de tout she can turn anything to her advantage

4. (humoristique) [personne à marier]

c'est un beau ou bon parti he's/she's a good match

————————

parti pris nom masculin

1. [prise de position] commitment

avoir un parti pris de modernisme/clarté to be committed to modernism/clear-thinking

2. [préjugé] bias

je n'ai aucun parti pris contre le tennis professionnel, mais... I'm not biased against professional tennis, but...

être de parti pris to be biased

faire quelque chose de parti pris to do something deliberately ou on purpose

être sans parti pris to be unbiased ou objective

je dirais, sans parti pris, qu'elle est la meilleure without any bias on my part, I'd say that she's the best

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > parti
9 agir

agir [aʒiʀ]

➭ TABLE 2

1. intransitive verb

a. to act ; ( = se comporter) to behave

• il a agi en toute liberté he acted quite freely

• il a bien/mal agi envers sa mère he behaved well/badly towards his mother

b. ( = exercer une influence) agir sur qn to bring pressure to bear on sb

• agir auprès de qn to use one's influence with sb

2. reflexive verb

► s'agir

► il s'agit de ( = il est question de) it is a matter of... ; ( = il est nécessaire de faire)

il s'agit de faire vite we must act quickly

• de quoi s'agit-il ? what's it about?

• s'agissant de... as regards...

• quand il s'agit de critiquer, il est toujours là he's always ready to criticize

• voilà ce dont il s'agit that's what it's about

• il ne s'agit pas d'argent it's not a question of money

• il ne s'agit pas de ça ! that's not it!

• il s'agit bien de ça ! (ironic) that's hardly the problem!

• avec la sécurité, il ne s'agit pas de plaisanter safety is no joking matter

• il s'agirait de s'entendre let's get things straight

* * *
aʒiʀ
1.

verbe intransitif

1) ( accomplir une action) to act

il a agi sous le coup de la colère — he acted in anger

il parle beaucoup mais agit peu — he's all talk and no action

agir avec prudence — to proceed with caution

2) ( se comporter) to behave, to act

bien/mal agir — to behave well/badly (envers, avec toward(s))

agir en lâche — to act like a coward

3) ( avoir un effet) [substance, médicament] to take effect, to work

agir sur quelque chose/quelqu'un — to have an effect on something/somebody

agir sur le marché — Finance to influence the market

4) ( intervenir)

agir auprès de quelqu'un — to approach somebody

2.

s'agir de verbe pronominal impersonnel

1)

de quoi s'agit-il? — ( question) what is it about?; ( problème) what's the matter?

mais il ne s'agit pas de ça! — but that's not the point!

il s'agit de ta santé! — it's your health that's at stake (here)!

il s'agit de votre mari — it's about your husband, it's to do with your husband

on connaît maintenant les gagnants: il s'agit de messieurs X et Y — we now know who the winners are: they're Mr X and Mr Y

d'après les experts il s'agirait d'un attentat — according to the experts, it would appear to be an act of terrorism

quand il s'agit d'argent/de faire le ménage — when it comes to money/to doing the housework

s'agissant de quelque chose/quelqu'un — as regards something/somebody

il s'agit bien de partir en vacances maintenant que je suis au chômage! — iron now that I'm unemployed it's hardly the (right) time to talk about going on vacation!

2) ( il est nécessaire de)

il s'agit de faire vite — we/you etc must act quickly

il s'agit de savoir ce que tu veux! — make up your mind!

il s'agit pour le gouvernement de relancer l'économie — what the government must do now is boost the economy

il s'agirait de se mettre d'accord — we'd better get it straight

* * *
aʒiʀ vi
1) (= se comporter) to behave, to act

bien agir — to behave well

agir courageusement — to act courageously

2) (= faire quelque chose) to act, to take action

Il faut agir rapidement. — We must act fast.

3) (= avoir de l'effet) [médicament] to act

* * *

agir verb table: finir

A vi

1 ( accomplir une action) to act; décider/refuser d'agir to decide/to refuse to act ou to take action; il a agi sous le coup de la colère he acted in anger; assez parlé, maintenant il faut agir! that's enough talk, now we've got to act ou let's have some action!; agir comme intermédiaire to act as an intermediary; il est urgent d'agir urgent action must be taken; il parle beaucoup mais agit peu he's all talk and no action; agir avec prudence to proceed with caution;

2 ( se comporter) to behave, to act; bien/mal agir to behave well/badly (envers, avec towards^GB); agir comme un enfant/idiot to behave childishly/stupidly, to act like a child/fool; je n'aime pas sa manière or façon d'agir I don't like the way he/she behaves; agir en honnête homme to behave honourably^GB; agir en lâche/gentleman to act like a coward/gentleman; agir comme on l'entend to do what one likes;

3 ( avoir un effet) [substance, médicament] to take effect, to work; le somnifère agit immédiatement the sleeping pill takes effect ou works ou acts immediately; le médicament n'a pas agi the medicine hasn't worked; agir sur qch/qn to have an effect on sth/sb; agir comme un signal d'alarme to serve as an alarm signal; agir sur le marché Fin to influence the market;

4 ( intervenir) agir auprès de to approach; agir auprès d'un ministre pour obtenir une faveur to approach a minister in order to obtain a favour^GB;

5 Jur agir contre qn to take legal action against sb; agir au civil to sue; agir au criminel to prosecute.

B s'agir de vpr impers

1 ( il est question de) de quoi s'agit-il? what is it about? ; ( il y a un problème) what's the matter?; mais il ne s'agit pas de ça! but that's not the point!; mais il s'agit de ton bonheur/ta santé! but we're talking about your happiness/your health here!, but it's your happiness/your health that's at stake (here)!; dans ce livre, il s'agit d'une famille d'agriculteurs this book is about a family of farmers; il s'agit de votre mari it's about your husband, it's to do with your husband; on connaît maintenant les gagnants: il s'agit de messieurs X et Y we now know who the winners are: they're Mr X and Mr Y; d'après les experts il s'agirait d'un attentat according to the experts, it would appear to be an act of terrorism; quand il s'agit de faire le ménage, il n'est jamais là! when there's cleaning to be done, he's never there ou around!; quand il s'agit d'argent il est toujours là! where money' s concerned ou when it comes to money, he's always right in there!; s'agissant de qch/qn as regards sth/sb; il s'agit bien de partir en vacances maintenant que je suis au chômage! iron now that I'm unemployed it's hardly the (right) time to talk about going on vacation!;

2 ( il est nécessaire de) il s'agit de faire vite we/you etc must act quickly; il s'agit de se remettre au travail we/you etc must get back to work; il s'agit de vous ressaisir! you must pull yourself together!; il s'agit de savoir ce que tu veux! make up your mind!; il ne s'agit pas de changer d'avis à la dernière minute! there's no question of a last-minute change of mind!; il s'agit pour le gouvernement de redonner confiance aux électeurs/relancer l'économie what the government must do now is regain the confidence of the electorate/boost the economy; il s'agirait de se mettre d'accord: vous venez mardi ou jeudi? we'd better get it straight: are you coming on Tuesday or Thursday?; il ne s'agit pas de rater notre coup, il s'agit de ne pas rater notre coup we must get it right the first time.

C ○ s'agir que vpr impers il s'agit qu'il obéisse! he must do as he's told!; il ne s'agit pas qu'elle soit en retard! she mustn't be late!

[aʒir] verbe intransitif

A.[AVOIR UNE ACTIVITÉ]

1. [intervenir] to act, to take action

en cas d'incendie, il faut agir vite in the event of a fire, it is important to act quickly

sur les ordres de qui avez-vous agi? on whose orders did you act?

faire agir: est-ce la jalousie qui l'a fait agir? was it jealousy that made her do it?

agir auprès de quelqu'un [essayer de l'influencer] to try to influence somebody

2. [passer à l'action] to do something

assez parlé, maintenant il faut agir! enough talk, let's have some action!

3. [se comporter] to act, to behave

bien/mal agir envers quelqu'un to behave well/badly towards somebody

tu n'as pas agi loyalement you didn't play fair

il a agi en bon citoyen he did what any honest citizen would have done

agir selon sa conscience to act according to one's conscience, to let one's conscience be one's guide

B.[AVOIR UN EFFET]

1. [fonctionner - poison, remède] to act, to take effect, to work ; [ - élément nutritif] to act, to have an effect ; [ - détergent] to work

laisser agir la justice to let justice take its course

pour faire agir le médicament plus efficacement to increase the efficiency of the drug

2. [avoir une influence]

agir sur to work ou to have an effect on

C.[DANS LE DOMAINE JURIDIQUE] to act in a court of law

agir contre quelqu'un

a. [en droit pénal] to prosecute somebody

b. [en droit civil] to sue somebody

agir au nom de ou pour quelqu'un to act on behalf of ou for somebody

————————

s'agir de verbe impersonnel

1. [être question de]

il s'agit de: je voudrais te parler — de quoi s'agit-il? I'd like to talk to you — what about?

de qui s'agit-il? who is it?

je voudrais vous parler d'une affaire importante, voici ce dont il s'agit I'd like to talk to you about an important matter, namely this

le criminel dont il s'agit the criminal in question

mais enfin, il s'agit de sa santé! but her health is at stake (here)!

je peux te prêter de l'argent — il ne s'agit pas de ça ou ce n'est pas de ça qu'il s'agit I can lend you some money — that's not the point ou the question

s'il ne s'agissait que d'argent, la solution serait simple! if it were only a question of money, the answer would be simple!

une augmentation? il s'agit bien de cela à l'heure où l'on parle de licenciements (ironique) a rise? that's very likely now there's talk of redundancies (ironique)

quand il s'agit d'aller à la chasse, il trouve toujours le temps! when it comes to going hunting, he can always find time!

quand il s'agit de râler, tu es toujours là! you can always be relied upon to moan!

une voiture a explosé, il s'agirait d'un accident a car has exploded, apparently by accident

il s'agirait d'une grande première scientifique it is said to be an important first for science

2. [falloir]

il s'agit de: maintenant, il s'agit de lui parler now we must talk to her

il s'agissait pour moi d'être convaincant I had to be convincing

il s'agit de savoir si... the question is whether...

il s'agirait d'obéir! [menace] you'd better do as you're told!

dis donc, il ne s'agit pas de se perdre! come on, we mustn't get lost now!

il s'agit bien de pleurer maintenant que tu l'as cassé! you may well cry, now that you've broken it!

————————

s'agissant de locution prépositionnelle

1. [en ce qui concerne] as regards, with regard to

2. [puisque cela concerne]

un service d'ordre ne s'imposait pas, s'agissant d'une manifestation pacifique there was no need for a police presence, given that this was a peaceful demonstration

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > agir
10 иск

юр.

action, demand, suit; (о возмещении убытков или ущерба в связи с увечьем) claim; (жалоба) plaint

возбудить иск — to bring / to take an action (against), to bring / to institute a suit (against)

отказывать в иске — to dismiss a case, to deny satisfaction, to defeat the claim

отказаться от иска — to drop an action, to waive a claim, to nonsuit

оспаривать иск — to challenge (smb.'s) claim

предъявить иск — to sue / to prosecute

предъявить иск (кому-л. на что-л.) — to lodge / to institute / to make a claim (against smb. for smth.)

признать иск — to acknowledge / to admit a claim

рассмотреть иск — to examine a claim

удовлетворить иск — to comply with / to fulfil the demand

безусловно выигрышный иск — cleary valid claim

встречный иск — counter-cross-action; counterclaim; countercharge; cross demand; claim in return

гражданский иск — civil action

личный иск — action in personality

необоснованный иск — unmaintainable action

судебный иск — legal action

возбудить судебный иск — to bring / to take legal action (against), to initiate / to institute / to take legal proceedings (against)

вынужденный отказ истца от своего иска — nonsuit

иск об аннулировании (документа) — rescissory action

иск о возмещении убытков — action for damages

иск по суду — plea

отказ от иска — waiver of a claim

предъявитель иска — plaintiff

предъявление иска — prosecution

основание для предъявления иска — cause of action

просрочка в предъявлении иска — nonclaim

Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > иск
11 sprawa

- wy; -wy; dat sg - wie; f

( wydarzenie) matter, affair; ( interes) business; PRAWO case, ( wzniosły cel) cause

Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnętrznych — Ministry of the Interior, ≈Home Office (BRIT)

Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych — Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ≈Foreign Office (BRIT), ≈Department of State (US)

(to) nie twoja sprawa — it's none of your business

zdawać (zdać perf) sobie sprawę z czegoś — to be (become) aware of sth

to sprawa tygodnia — it's a matter of one week

to inna sprawa — that's another matter

brać (wziąć perf) sprawę w swoje ręce — to take the matter into one's hands

robić z czegoś (wielką) sprawę — to make an issue of sth

zajmować się swoimi sprawami — to go about one's business

sprawa cywilna/karna/sądowa — civil/criminal/court case

wnosić (wnieść perf) sprawę do sądu — to bring lub file a suit

* * *

sprawa

f.

1. ( fakt) affair, matter; sprawy rodzinne family matters; sprawy zawodowe business; sprawy codzienne everyday concerns; sprawy państwowe public affairs; nie wtrącaj się do cudzych spraw mind your own business; jak się mają sprawy? where l. how do things stand?; ruszyć sprawę z miejsca get things going; gorsza sprawa, że... what's worse...; niepokojąca sprawa matter of concern; delikatna sprawa touch-and-go; niezałatwiona sprawa loose end; pilna sprawa urgent matter; przegrana sprawa lost cause; nieczysta sprawa shady business; omawiana sprawa issue l. matter under discussion; inna sprawa, że... not to mention that...; to załatwia sprawę that settles it; sprawa jest oczywista no doubt about it, it's (pretty) straightforward; sprawa honoru matter of honor; sprawa wagi państwowej matter of the state, pressing issue; sprawa urzędowa official business; sprawa otwarta open question; sprawy sercowe affairs of the heart; na dobrą sprawę as a matter of fact, strictly speaking, to tell the truth; zdać sprawę z czegoś render an account of sth, report on sth; zdać sobie jasno sprawę z... take sth in, be well aware of sth, awake to sth; zdałem sobie sprawę, że... I realized that..., it occurred to me that...; władze zdały sobie w końcu sprawę z rozmiaru problemu authorities finally awoke to the extent of the problem; nie zdawać sobie sprawy z czegoś be unaware l. unconscious l. ignorant of sth; pokpić sprawę blow it; przeczekać sprawę let things lie, lie low; zakończyć sprawę call it quits; zaciemniać sprawę fog l. cloud l. confuse the issue; zajmować stanowisko w sprawie take a stand on an issue; to jego sprawa it's his problem l. business; to nie twoja sprawa (it's) none of your business, mind your own business; to nie moja sprawa it's not my business l. concern; to sprawa kilku dni it's a matter l. question of a few days; to poważna sprawa this is no laughing matter; to sprawa przesądzona there's nothing I(you etc.) can do about it; sprawa życia i śmierci a matter of life and death; to całkiem inna sprawa that's a different kettle of fish, it's an altogether different matter; zająć się sprawą... address the issue of...; komplikować sprawę make things difficult; pogarszać sprawę make things l. matters worse, rub salt into the wound; to przesądza sprawę that settles it; załagodzić sprawę pour oil on the waters l. on troubled waters; stawiać jasno sprawę be clear about sth; nie dostrzegać istoty sprawy miss the point; zostawić sprawę w spokoju drop the matter, let the matter rest; porządkować swoje sprawy set l. put one's own house in order, order l. settle one's affair przejść do sedna sprawy get down to the point; sedno sprawy the heart l. crux of the matter; sprawy nie układają się najlepiej things are not going right.

2. ( interes) business; mam do pana sprawę I have a favor to ask of you; nie mam do niego żadnej sprawy I have no business with him; zwracać się do kogoś w jakiejś sprawie approach l. turn to sb about sth; sprawa niecierpiąca zwłoki urgent matter; zrób coś w tej sprawie do sth about it; kilka spraw do załatwienia a few things to attend to; wziąć sprawę w swoje ręce take matters into one's hands; mieć mnóstwo spraw na głowie have a lot on one's mind, have many things to take care of; przedyskutować wiele spraw cover a lot of ground, discuss many issues; doprowadzić sprawę do końca tie up the loose ends, bring the matter to an issue; mam jeszcze kilka spraw do załatwienia I still have a few errands to do l. run; mieć inne/ważniejsze sprawy na głowie have other/bigger fish to fry; nie ma sprawy pot. no problem, (it's) no big deal, forget it, it's no trouble at all; Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; US the Department of State; Br. the Foreign Office; Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnętrznych the Ministry of Internal Affairs; US the Department of Homeland Security; Br. the Home Office; sprawy wewnętrzne/zagraniczne home/foreign affairs.

3. lit. (= wzniosły cel) cause; sprawa wielkiej wagi matter of great importance; poświęcić się dla sprawy sacrifice o.s. for the cause; walczyć o wspólną sprawę fight for the common cause; słuszna sprawa fair cause; bronić słusznej sprawy defend a good cause; zrobić coś dla dobra sprawy do sth towards promoting the cause.

4. prawn. case; sprawa cywilna civil case; sprawa karna criminal case; sprawa rozwodowa divorce case; prowadzić sprawę ( o inspektorze policji) be on the case; wygrać/przegrać sprawę win/lose a case; umorzyć sprawę discontinue proceedings; załatwić sprawę polubownie settle a case out of court; oddać sprawę do sądu go to court; wytoczyć komuś sprawę take legal action against sb, bring an action against sb.

The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > sprawa
12 poursuite

poursuite [puʀsyit]

1. feminine noun

a. [de voleur, animal, bonheur, gloire] pursuit (de of)

• se lancer à la poursuite de qn to chase after sb

• (course) poursuite (Sport) track race ; (Police) pursuit

• poursuite en voiture car chase

b. ( = continuation) continuation

• ils ont voté la poursuite de la grève they voted to continue the strike

2. plural feminine noun

poursuites legal proceedings

• s'exposer à des poursuites to run the risk of prosecution

* * *
puʀsɥit
nom féminin

1) ( action de poursuivre) pursuit

se lancer à la poursuite de quelqu'un — to set off in pursuit of somebody

2) ( chasse) chase

une folle poursuite — a wild chase

3) ( continuation) continuation

la poursuite d'un dialogue — the continuation of a dialogue [BrE]

4) Sport ( en cyclisme) pursuit

5) Droit

poursuite (judiciaire) — (judicial) proceedings (pl)

abandonner les poursuites — to drop the charges

* * *
puʀsɥit
1. nf

1) [rêve, but, bonheur] pursuit

2) [personne, voiture] chase

se lancer à la poursuite de qn — to chase after sb

3) SPORT (course poursuite) track race

2. poursuites nfpl

DROIT legal proceedings

* * *

poursuite nf

1 ( action de poursuivre) pursuit (de of); se lancer à la poursuite de qn to set off in pursuit of sb; être à la poursuite de to be in pursuit of [bonheur, idéal, passé];

2 ( chasse) chase; une poursuite en hélicoptère a helicopter chase; une folle poursuite a wild chase;

3 ( continuation) continuation; la poursuite d'un dialogue/d'une politique/des conflits the continuation of a dialogue^GB/of a policy/of fighting;

4 Sport ( en cyclisme) pursuit;

5 Jur poursuite (judiciaire) (judicial) proceedings (pl); engager or intenter des poursuites contre qn to take proceedings against sb; abandonner les poursuites to drop the charges;

6 Astronaut tracking; dispositif de poursuite tracking device.

Composé

poursuite disciplinaire disciplinary action.

[pursɥit] nom féminin

1. [pour rattraper - animal, fugitif] chase

poursuite en voiture car chase

les voilà partis dans une poursuite effrénée off they go in hot pursuit

ils sont à la poursuite des voleurs

a. [ils courent] they're chasing the thieves

b. [ils enquêtent] they're on the trail of the thieves

se mettre ou se lancer à la poursuite de quelqu'un to set off in pursuit of somebody, to give chase to somebody

2. [prolongation - de pourparlers, d'études, de recherches] continuation

ils ont décidé la poursuite de la grève they've decided to carry on ou to continue with the strike

3. [recherche - du bonheur, d'un rêve] pursuit

4. ASTRONAUTIQUE tracking

5. SPORT pursuit

————————

poursuites nom féminin pluriel

DROIT

poursuites (judiciaires)

a. [en droit civil] legal proceedings

b. [en droit pénal] prosecution

entamer ou engager des poursuites contre quelqu'un

a. [en droit civil] to institute legal proceedings ou to take legal action against somebody

b. [en droit pénal] to prosecute somebody

vous pouvez faire l'objet de poursuites you're liable to prosecution

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > poursuite
13 дело дел·о

1) affair; (занятие) business; work; (вопрос, проблема) matter (of)

вести дело — to transact business

вести государственные дела — to manage / to run state affairs

вмешиваться в какое-л. дело — to interpose in a matter

вмешиваться не в своё дело — to interfere in other people's affairs

не вмешиваться в дела — to keep out of (smb.'s) affairs

доводить дело (до) — to take / bring matters (to)

дойти до сути дела — to come to the point

знать своё дело — to know one's job

излагать своё дело — to state one's case

исправить положение дел — to straighten things

начать дело — to set up / to start a business

не отклоняться от дела — to stick to the matter in hand

отойти от дел — to withdraw from business

подвергнуть дело тщательному изучению — to subject a case to a narrow inspection

поправить свои дела — to improve the state of one's affairs

приводить свои дела в порядок — to put one's affairs in order

приступить к делу — to embark on practical action

приходить по делу — to come on business

ускорить дело — to expedite business

без дела не входить — no admission / entry except on business

дело будет немедленно рассмотрено — the matter shall have immediate attention

этим дело не исчерпывается — the matter will not rest here

верное / выигрышное дело — winning case / game

внешние / иностранные дела — external / foreign affairs

внутренние дела (страны) — domestic / internal / home affairs

это наше внутреннее дело — it is our own domestic concern

государственные дела — state affairs

запутанное / сложное дело — complicated matter

конфиденциальное дело — confidential matter

личное / частное дело — private affair

по личному делу — on private business

международные дела — international / world affairs

незавершённые дела — undertakings that still await completion

новое дело — new work

невыгодное дело — business does not pay разг.

общее дело — common cause

общественные дела — public affairs

очень важное дело — matter of great significance

рискованное дело — touch-and-go business / affair

серьёзное дело — grave matter

спешное / срочное / неотложное дело — pressing / urgent business

спорное дело — moot case

текущие дела — routine / everyday matters, daily proceedings

тёмное дело — dark business / deals

трудное дело — difficult undertaking

убыточное дело — unprofitable business

финансовые дела — pecuniary affairs

ведение дел — disposal / transaction of affairs

дело большой государственной важности — matter of great national importance

дело, не имеющее важного значения — matter of little significance

застой в делах — stagnation in business

управление дело ами — administration of the affairs

со знанием дела — ex professo лат.

2) (цель, задача, интересы и т.п.) cause

быть связанным общим делом — to be linked together by common cause

отстаивать дело — to champion a cause

кровное дело — immediate concern

кровное дело народа — cherished cause of the people

правое дело — good / rightful cause

бороться за правое дело — to fight for a just cause

защищать правое дело — to defend the right cause

проигранное дело — lost cause

справедливое дело — just cause

дело, обречённое на провал — hopeless cause

дело укрепления всеобщего мира — the cause of strengthening world peace

защита дела — vindication of a cause

3) (поступок, деяние) deed, act

героические дела — acts of heroism, heroic deeds

у него слова расходятся с дело ом — his rhetoric does not match his deed

4) (специальность) business; (круг знаний) science

военное дело — soldiering, military science

коммерческие дела — mercantile affairs

процветающее дело — flourishing firm

5) канц. file, dossier

приложить к делу — to file

личное дело — personal file / records, dossier

относящийся к делу — pertinent

не относящийся к делу — irrelevant

на деле — de facto лат.

дело в том, что... — the point is that...

в самом деле — in point of fact

в этом-то всё и дело — that's just the point

дело не в этом — that's not the point

6) юр. case

вести дело — to plead a case, to solicit

возбудить дело (против кого-л.) — to bring an action (against smb.), to take / institute proceedings (against smb.)

возвращать дело из вышестоящего в нижестоящий суд — to relegate

выиграть дело в суде — to recover

завершить / закончить дело — to settle a case

защищать дело в суде — to plead a cause

изложить дело — to state a case

откладывать слушание дела — to adjourn the hearing of a case

слушание дела было отложено — the hearing was adjourned

передать дело в прокуратуру — to send / to submit a case to the public prosecutor's office

передать дело в суд — to submit a case to court

пересматривать дело — to reopen / to review / to re-examine a case

прекратить дело — to dismiss a case, to withdraw an action

прекратить дело без судебного разбирательства после уплаты штрафа — to settle an offence out of court by payment of a fine

принимать дело к производству — to take over a case

провести разбирательство дела — to have a case heard

проиграть дело вследствие неявки в суд — to suffer a default

рассматривать / слушать дело в суде — to try / to hear a case

повторно рассматривать дело — to re-examine / to reinvestigate a case

гражданское дело — civil case

громкое дело — notorious case

не относящийся к рассматриваемому делу — extrajudicial

судебное дело — action, case, proceedings, suit

возбудить судебное дело против кого-л. за клевету — to summon smb. for libel

судебное дело по обвинению в клевете — action for libel

уголовное дело — criminal case

возбуждение уголовного дела — indictment

ведение дел в суде — solicitation

возбуждение дела — initiation of proceedings

возможность ознакомления с делом — access to the case

изложение дела — statement of case

дело о преступлении, наказуемом смертной казнью — capital case

закрытие дела — termination of a case

материалы дела — materials of a case, records

непривлечение в качестве сторон по делу — on-joinder

перенос дела из одной инстанции в другую — remover

прекращение дела — dismissal of the case

прекращение дела по соглашению сторон — dismissal agreed

проигрыш дела — loss of a case

разбор дела третейским судьёй — reference

рассмотрение дел в международных судах — proceedings of international tribunals

слушание дела — hearing of a case

слушание дела при закрытых дверях — hearing in camera

юридическая сторона дела — legal bearings of a case

Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > дело дел·о
14 proces

m (G procesu) 1. (ciąg wydarzeń) process
- proces produkcyjny a production process

- procesy chemiczne/geologiczne chemical/geological processes

- proces jednoczenia się Europy the process of European unification

- faza a. stadium procesu a stage in a process

- podlegać a. ulegać procesowi starzenia się to undergo the ageing process, to age

- przechodzić proces fermentacji to undergo fermentation, to ferment
2. Prawo (sprawa) (law)suit; (rozprawa) trial
- wytoczyć komuś proces to bring a. file a (law)suit against sb, to sue sb

- wytoczyć proces o odszkodowanie to file a (law)suit for damages

- wygrać/przegrać proces to win/lose a (law)suit

- proces cywilny/karny/rozwodowy a civil/criminal/divorce trial

- proces o zniesławienie/morderstwo a trial for libel/murder

- proces przeciwko komuś/czemuś a lawsuit against sb/sth

- wyrok w procesie a trial verdict, the verdict in a trial

- koszty procesu costs (of a trial)

- umorzyć proces to dismiss a case

- □ proces beatyfikacyjny Relig. beatification process

- proces kanonizacyjny Relig. canonization process

* * *

-su, -sy; loc sg - sie; m

process; PRAWO (law)suit

wytoczyć komuś proces — ( perf) to bring a suit against sb

* * *

proces

mi

1. (= przebieg zmian) process, course of action; procesy decyzyjne decision-making processes; bliskowschodni proces pokojowy Middle East peace process; proces chemiczny chem. chemical process; proces cieplny fiz. thermal process; proces ciśnieniowy fiz. pressure process; proces elementarny fiz., chem. elementary process; proces produkcyjny manufacturing process; proces technologiczny technological process; procesy życiowe fizj. vital processes.

2. prawn. (law)suit, process, trial; proces cywilny civil lawsuit; proces karny criminal lawsuit; proces polityczny political trial; miał proces o zabójstwo he was tried for murder; proces przy drzwiach zamkniętych in camera trial; proces publiczny public l. open trial; rewizja procesu retrial; wytaczać komuś proces bring l. take action against sb, bring l. file a suit against sb; przegrać proces lose a lawsuit l. case at law; wygrać proces win a lawsuit.

The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > proces
15 causa

f cause

( motivo) reason

law lawsuit

fare causa sue ( a qualcuno someone)

a causa di because of

per causa tua because of you

* * *

causa s.f.

1 cause: fu la causa della mia rovina, he was the cause of my ruin; il mio errore fu causa di un grave incidente, my blunder was the cause of (o caused) a bad accident; causa ed effetto, cause and effect // a causa di, owing to (o on account of o because of) // per causa vostra, because of you (o through your fault) // (gramm.) complemento di causa, complement of cause // (fil.) la Causa prima, the First Cause

2 ( motivo) reason, motive, ground, cause: ditemi la vera causa della vostra richiesta, tell me the real reason for your request

3 ( scopo, obiettivo) cause: far causa comune con qlcu., to make common cause with s.o.; sposare la causa della libertà, to embrace the cause of liberty; tradire la causa, to betray the cause

4 (dir.) (law)suit, case; cause: causa civile, civil suit; causa penale, criminal case; essere parte in causa, to be a party to a suit; (fig.) to be concerned in the matter; far causa a qlcu. per danni, to sue s.o. for damages; intentare, fare causa a qlcu., to bring a suit (o to take legal action o to file a lawsuit) against s.o.; perorare una causa, to plead a cause; (fig.) to plead s.o.'s case // parlare con cognizione di causa, to speak authoritatively (o to speak from personal experience) // essere fuori causa, not to be included // dar causa vinta, (fig.) to give in (o to give up).

* * *
['kauza]
sostantivo femminile

1) (origine) cause

causa ed effetto — cause and effect

2) (motivo) reason, cause

trovare la causa di qcs. — to find out the cause of sth.

per -e ancora da definire — for reasons yet unknown

a causa di — because of, due o owing to

a causa mia, sua — on my, his account

licenziamento senza giusta causa — unfair o wrongful dismissal

3) (ideale) cause

lottare per una giusta causa — to fight the good fight

abbracciare o sposare la causa della libertà — to embrace the cause of liberty

4) dir. case, (law)suit

fare causa a qcn. — to bring charges o to file a (law)suit against sb., to sue sb.

vincere, perdere una causa — to win, lose a case

chiamare qcn., qcs. in causa — to implicate sb., sth.

essere parte in causa — to be a party to the suit o an interested party; fig. to be involved

5) ling. cause

•

causa civile — civil case o suit

causa efficiente — efficient cause

causa penale — criminal case

causa pendente — pending case

* * *

causa

/'kauza/

sostantivo f.

1 (origine) cause; causa ed effetto cause and effect

2 (motivo) reason, cause; trovare la causa di qcs. to find out the cause of sth.; per -e ancora da definire for reasons yet unknown; a causa di because of, due o owing to; a causa mia, sua on my, his account; licenziamento senza giusta causa unfair o wrongful dismissal

3 (ideale) cause; lottare per una giusta causa to fight the good fight; abbracciare o sposare la causa della libertà to embrace the cause of liberty

4 dir. case, (law)suit; fare causa a qcn. to bring charges o to file a (law)suit against sb., to sue sb.; vincere, perdere una causa to win, lose a case; chiamare qcn., qcs. in causa to implicate sb., sth.; essere parte in causa to be a party to the suit o an interested party; fig. to be involved

5 ling. cause

COMPOUNDS

causa civile civil case o suit; causa efficiente efficient cause; causa penale criminal case; causa pendente pending case.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > causa
16 дело

ср.

1) affair, business, work; occupation, pursuit; line

вмешиваться/лезть не в свое дело — to interfere in other people's affairs, to stick one's nose into smb.'s business

без дела не входить — no admission except on business

личное дело — private affair

это не ваше дело — that's no business of yours

что за дело? (кому-л.) — what is it (to)?, what does it matter (to)?

он занят делом — he is busy

не у дел — (to be) out of work/job

общественные дела — public affairs

при деле — to have smth. to keep one busy, to keep oneself busy/occupied

2) только ед. (цель, интересы и т. п.) cause

дело мира — the cause of peace

общее дело — common cause

правое дело — just cause

3) deed, act(ion) ( деяние); work ( создание)

это - дело его жизни — it is his life-work

вступать в дело — to go into the action, to come into play

безнадежное дело — fruitless task

гиблое дело, пропащее дело, дохлое дело — it's a lost cause, hopeless undertaking

пустое дело — a waste of time

вести торговые дела — to deal with

дело чьих-л. рук — this is smb.'s handwork/doing

доброе дело — good deed

черное дело — dirty deed, crime, black deed

4) (событие, происшествие) affair, business

загадочное дело — strange business

дело было в 1960 году — it happened in 1960

5) обыкн. мн. ч. (положение, обстоятельства) things, matters; affair, occasion, work, doing

дело усложняется тем, что — the added complication is that

дело обстоит иначе — the situation is different now

дела поправляются — things are improving

как его дела? — how is he getting on?, how are things going with him?

положение дел — state of affairs

дело повернулось таким образом — matters took such a turn

ясное дело — matter of course, sure enough

такие-то дела! разг. — so that's how things are!, that is the way it is!

вот это дело! — good!, now you are talking sense!

за чем дело стало? — what's holding matters/things up?, what's the hitch?

дело доходит до — it comes down to

дело идет к — things are heading toward

дело нечисто — it looks crooked

дело нешуточное — it is not a laughing matter

дело плохо — things look bad

дело прошлое — that's a thing of the past, that's all over now

6) (вопрос, предмет чего-л.) matter, point, concern

быть делом далекого будущего — to be a good distance in the future, to be a long way in the future

ближе к делу — come to the point, get down to business

в чем дело? — what is the matter?

говорить дело — разг. to talk sense, to have a point

говорить по делу — to speak on business

дело вкуса — matter of taste

дело не в этом — that's not the point

дело привычки — matter of habit

дело случая — matter of luck

дело хозяйское — разг. it's up to you, it's your choice/business

дело чести — point of honour

другое дело, совсем другое дело — it's quite another matter, that's a horse of a different colour идиом.

упростить дело — to expedite matters

7) обыкн. ед. (специальность)

автомобильное дело — motoring, automobile business

бухгалтерское дело — accountancy, accounting

военное дело — soldiering, military science

горное дело — mining

печатное дело — printing

финансовое дело — finance

- артиллерийское дело
- библиотечное дело
- военно-инженерное дело
- гончарное дело
- горнорудное дело
- рекламное дело
- скорняжное дело
- стеклодувное дело
8) юр. case

вести дело — to plead a case

возбуждать дело — (против кого-л.) to bring an action against smb., to take institute proceedings against smb.

гражданское дело — civil case

излагать свое дело — to state one's case

отстаивать дело — ( в суде) to fight a suit

пришить дело, намотать дело — сленг to cook up charges against smb.

9) канц. file, dossier

личное дело — personal file; personal record(s) мн. ч.

подшить к делу, приложить к делу — to file

10) устар.; воен. action, battle

•

На самом деле, все происходит как раз наоборот. — What actually happens happens the other way round.

обычное дело — commonplace, something common

••

не дело — that's not a good idea

- в самом деле
- в том то и дело
- делать дело
- дело в том что
- дело в шляпе
- за дело
- и на словах и на деле
- иметь дело
- испытывать на деле
- как дела?
- между делом
- на деле
- на самом деле
- нет дела
- первым делом
- сделать свое дело
- то и дело
- то ли дело
- употреблять в дело

Русско-английский словарь по общей лексике > дело
17 giudizio

"judgement;

Beurteilung;

avaliaçao"

* * *

m (pl -zi) judg(e)ment

( senno) wisdom

law ( causa) trial

( sentenza) verdict

a mio giudizio in my opinion

giudizio civile civil action, lawsuit

mettere giudizio turn over a new leaf

* * *

giudizio s.m.

1 (dir.) judg (e)ment; (causa) trial; (sentenza) decree, verdict, sentence: giudizio definitivo, decree absolute; giudizio esecutivo, enforceable judgement; giudizio provvisorio, decree nisi; giudizio sommario, summary trial; giudizio arbitrale, award; giudizio di primo grado, judgement of first instance; a giudizio, on trial; corte di giudizio, court of judgement; rinvio a giudizio, (atto d'accusa) indictment; rinviare qlcu. a giudizio, to commit s.o. for trial; rinviare qlcu. a giudizio con l'imputazione di omicidio, to indict s.o. on a murder charge; citare in giudizio, to convene; citare qlcu. in giudizio per diffamazione, to sue s.o. for libel; comparire in giudizio, to appear before the court; mettere a giudizio, to bring to trial (o up for trial); passare a giudizio, to be brought up for trial (o to stand trial); pronunciare un giudizio, to pass judgement (o to adjudicate); sedere in giudizio, to sit in judgement; sospendere il giudizio, to suspend judgement; ebbe un giudizio sfavorevole, the judgement went against him

2 (opinione) judg (e)ment, opinion; (decisione) decision; (valutazione) assessment, evaluation: a mio giudizio, in my judgement (o opinion); secondo il giudizio di molti, in the judgement (o opinion o view) of many people; non mi curo del tuo giudizio, I am quite indifferent to your opinion; dare un giudizio su qlco., to pass judgement (o to give an opinion) on sthg.; farsi un giudizio su qlco., to form an opinion of sthg.; rimettersi al giudizio di qlcu., to accept s.o.'s decision; il giudizio della commissione d'esame è stato positivo, the examiners passed the candidate; il giudizio del direttore di gara è stato contestato, the referee's decision was contested; hanno esposto i giudizi (scolastici)?, have they put up the results?

3 (saggezza) wisdom; (buon senso) good sense, common sense, good judgement, sound judgement: un ragazzo di giudizio, a sensible boy; aver giudizio, to be sensible; non hai affatto giudizio!, you have no sense at all!; far giudizio, to behave well (o to behave oneself); mettere giudizio, to become sensible (o to turn over a new leaf); (calmarsi, diventare serio) to settle down; mostrar giudizio, to show sound judgement (o good sense) // dente del giudizio, wisdom-tooth // età del giudizio, years of discretion

4 (teol.) judgement: il giudizio universale, the Last Judgement; il giorno del giudizio, Doomsday (o the Day of Judgement)

5 giudizio di Dio, (st. medievale) ordeal

6 (fil.) judgement: 'La critica del Giudizio', 'Critique of Judgement'.

* * *

pl. -zi [dʒu'dittsjo, tsi] sostantivo maschile

1) (opinione) judgment, opinion

dare o esprimere un giudizio su qcn., qcs. to pass judgment o give one's opinion on sb., sth.; a mio giudizio — as far as I can judge, in my opinion

2) (senno) (common) sense, wisdom

non avere giudizio — to have no wisdom

mettere giudizio — to become sensible, to steady oneself

l'età del giudizio — the age of reason

3) scol. assessment, evaluation

4) dir. (processo)

citare qcn. in giudizio — to prefer o press charges against sb., to take sb. to court

comparire in giudizio — to come to the bar, to come up for trial, to appear before the o in court

rinvio a giudizio — remand

rinviare a giudizio — to commit o send o remand sb. for trial

in attesa di giudizio — awaiting trial

emettere o pronunciare un giudizio [ tribunale] to pass judgment; giudizio di assoluzione, di condanna — verdict of not guilty, of guilty

•

giudizio di Dio — stor. ordeal

giudizio di primo grado — judgment of first instance

Giudizio Universale — Last Judgment

* * *

giudizio

pl. -zi /dʒu'dittsjo, tsi/

sostantivo m.

1 (opinione) judgment, opinion; dare o esprimere un giudizio su qcn., qcs. to pass judgment o give one's opinion on sb., sth.; a mio giudizio as far as I can judge, in my opinion

2 (senno) (common) sense, wisdom; non avere giudizio to have no wisdom; mettere giudizio to become sensible, to steady oneself; l'età del giudizio the age of reason

3 scol. assessment, evaluation

4 dir. (processo) citare qcn. in giudizio to prefer o press charges against sb., to take sb. to court; comparire in giudizio to come to the bar, to come up for trial, to appear before the o in court; rinvio a giudizio remand; rinviare a giudizio to commit o send o remand sb. for trial; in attesa di giudizio awaiting trial; emettere o pronunciare un giudizio [ tribunale] to pass judgment; giudizio di assoluzione, di condanna verdict of not guilty, of guilty

COMPOUNDS

giudizio di Dio stor. ordeal; giudizio di primo grado judgment of first instance; Giudizio Universale Last Judgment.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > giudizio
18 справа

I ж
1) (робота, заняття) work, business

займатися справою — to do real work

добре знати свою справу — to have the subject at one's fingertips

2) (коло питань, сфера інтересів) affair, concern, business

міжнародні справи — international affairs

торговельні справи — dealings, business

особиста справа — private affair

це не ваша справа — this is no business of yours

втручатися не в свою справу — to interfere in other people's affairs, to stick one's nose into smb.'s business

3) тк. одн. ( мета діяльності) cause

справа миру — the cause of peace

благородна справа — noble cause

справедлива справа — just cause

4) ( діяння) deed, act

безнадійна справа — fruitless task

добра справа — good deed

мерзенна справа — wicked deed

чорна справа — dirty deed, crime, black deed

5) мн.

справи (стан, обставини) — things

справи покращуються — things are improving; фіг. the mercury is rising

справи йдуть сяк-так — matters jog along somehow

6) ( питання) matter, point

важлива справа — matter of great concern

легка справа — easy matter, child's play

справа особливого значення — a matter of special concernment

справа звичайна — a matter of course

справа смаку — a matter of taste

справа честі — a point of honour

це справа серйозна — it is a serious matter

що (не) стосується справи — (ir)relevant

справа вирішена — settled thing

7) юр. case

справа про заповіт — testamentary cause

справа про розлучення — matrimonial cause

судова справа — case

цивільна справа — civil case

вести справу — to plead a case

обстоювати справу (у суді) — to fight a suit

порушувати справу (проти кого-небудь) — to bring an action against smb., to take institute proceedings against smb.

8) канц. ( папка з документами) file, folder, dossier

особова справа — personal file

підшити (покласти) до справи — to file

9) (спеціальність, професія) occupation; concern

автомобільна справа — motoring, automobile business

бухгалтерська справа — accountancy, accounting

гірнича справа — mining

10)

як ваші справи? — how goes the world with you?, how are you getting on?

в чому справа? — what is the matter?; what's the game?; ( при скрутному становищі) what's the trouble?; (у суперечці, сварці) what's cooking?, what's the row?

не в цьому справа — that is not the question; it is not the case; that's not the point

справа в тому, що — the fact (the point, the question, the thing, the truth) is that

мати справу (з кимсь) — to deal ( with), to have dealings ( with)

пропаща справа — bad job, a lost cause, hopeless undertaking

пуста справа — a waste of time
II присл. див. праворуч

Українсько-англійський словник > справа
19 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
20 oposición

f.

1 opposition, reluctance, resistance.

2 opposition, reaction, counteraction, objection.

3 Opposition benches.

* * *

oposición

► nombre femenino

1 (antagonismo) opposition

2 (examen) competitive examination

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

preparar las oposiciones to study for a competitive exam

* * *

noun f.

1) opposition

2) competitive exam

* * *

SF

1) [gen] opposition

oposición frontal — direct opposition, total opposition

2) Esp
(tb: oposiciones) Civil Service examination
hay varias plazas de libre oposición o de oposición libre — there are several places that will be filled on the basis of a competitive examination

sacar unas oposiciones — to be successful in a public competition

hacer oposiciones a..., presentarse a unas oposiciones a... — to sit an examination for...

hacer oposiciones para una cátedra — to compete for a chair
OPOSICIONES Being a civil servant in Spain means having a job for life, but applicants for public-sector jobs must pass competitive exams called oposiciones. The candidates (opositores) must sit a series of written exams and/or attend interviews. Some applicants spend years studying for and resitting exams, so preparing candidates for oposiciones is a major source of work for many academias. All public-sector appointments that are open to competition are published in the BOE, an official government publication.
See:

ver nota culturelle ACADEMIA in academia,

ver nota culturelle BOE

* * *

femenino

1)

a) ( enfrentamiento) opposition

oposición A algo — opposition to something

b) (Pol) opposition

2) (Esp, Ven) ( concurso) (public) competitive examination

hacer oposiciones — to take o (BrE) sit a competitive examination
•• Cultural note:
oposiciones

In Spain, competitive examinations for people wanting a public-sector job, to teach in a state secondary school, or to become a judge. The large number of candidates, or opositores - much higher than the number of posts available - means that the exams are very difficult. Those successful obtain very secure employment. Many people have private coaching for the exams

* * *

= opposition, antagonism, counteraction [counter-action].

Ex. I would like to ask each of them to tell us whether in fact there is a clear difference of opinion and direct opposition or whether there is no real inconsistency.

Ex. The influx of large numbers of Spanish-speaking people has brought to the surface feelings of antagonism on the part established residents, who feel threatened by the 'encroachment' of 'have-nots' into their neighborhoods.

Ex. For the individual who seeks to react rationally, whether by personal complaint or collective counteraction, it is often difficult even to discover the information which is needed to make a start.

----

* eludir una oposición = negotiate + resistance.

* encontrar oposición = meet with + opposition, find + opposition.

* en oposición a = as against, versus (vs - abreviatura).

* grupo de la oposición = opposition group.

* oposición + crear = opposition + line up.

* oposición, la = political opposition, the.

* oposición política, la = political opposition, the.

* partido de la oposición = opposition party.

* sin oposición = without opposition, unchallenged, unopposed.

* * *

femenino

1)

a) ( enfrentamiento) opposition

oposición A algo — opposition to something

b) (Pol) opposition

2) (Esp, Ven) ( concurso) (public) competitive examination

hacer oposiciones — to take o (BrE) sit a competitive examination
•• Cultural note:
oposiciones

In Spain, competitive examinations for people wanting a public-sector job, to teach in a state secondary school, or to become a judge. The large number of candidates, or opositores - much higher than the number of posts available - means that the exams are very difficult. Those successful obtain very secure employment. Many people have private coaching for the exams

* * *

la oposición

(n.) = political opposition, the

Ex: He then took the wind out of the sails of the political opposition two weeks ago when they had him on the run and he agreed to a general election.

= opposition, antagonism, counteraction [counter-action].

Ex: I would like to ask each of them to tell us whether in fact there is a clear difference of opinion and direct opposition or whether there is no real inconsistency.

Ex: The influx of large numbers of Spanish-speaking people has brought to the surface feelings of antagonism on the part established residents, who feel threatened by the 'encroachment' of 'have-nots' into their neighborhoods.

Ex: For the individual who seeks to react rationally, whether by personal complaint or collective counteraction, it is often difficult even to discover the information which is needed to make a start.

* eludir una oposición = negotiate + resistance.

* encontrar oposición = meet with + opposition, find + opposition.

* en oposición a = as against, versus (vs - abreviatura).

* grupo de la oposición = opposition group.

* oposición + crear = opposition + line up.

* oposición, la = political opposition, the.

* oposición política, la = political opposition, the.

* partido de la oposición = opposition party.

* sin oposición = without opposition, unchallenged, unopposed.

* * *

oposición

feminine

oposiciones (↑ oposición a1)

A

1 (enfrentamiento) opposition oposición A algo opposition TO sth

hubo una fuerte oposición popular a la nueva ley there was strong popular opposition to the law

2 ( Pol) opposition

B ( Esp) (examen) (public) competitive examination

ganó la plaza por oposición he got the post by taking o ( BrE) sitting a competitive examination

estoy preparando oposiciones I'm studying for my exams

* * *

oposición sustantivo femenino
1 ( en general) opposition
2 (Esp, Ven) ( concurso) (public) competitive examination;
◊ hacer oposiciones to take o (BrE) sit a competitive examination

oposición sustantivo femenino
1 (enfrentamiento, disparidad) opposition: la oposición votó en contra de la ley, the opposition voted against the bill
2 (examen para funcionario) competitive/entrance examination: se presentará a la próxima oposición para profesor universitario, he'll take the next competitive exam for the position of university professor
' oposición' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acosar
- brecha
- contra
- convocatoria
- encontrarse
- firme
- flexibilizar
- interpelar
- líder
- manifestarse
- pasarse
- resistencia
- salpicar
- temario
- tribunal
- callar
- criollo
- declarar
- frontal
- partido
- provincia
- tierra
English:
call
- opposition
- quash
- shadow cabinet
- stand down
- uncontested
- unopposed
- back
- face
- minority

* * *

oposición nf

1. [resistencia] opposition (a to);
la oposición de mis padres a que haga este viaje es total my parents are totally opposed to me going on this trip

2. [política]
la oposición the opposition;

los partidos de la oposición the opposition parties

3. [examen] = competitive public examination for employment in the civil service, education, legal system etc;

oposición a profesor = public examination to obtain a state teaching post;

preparar oposiciones to be studying for a public examination;

conseguir una plaza por oposición to obtain a post by sitting a public examination

OPOSICIONES

When a Spanish person wishes to work in the civil service (this includes becoming a teacher in a state school), he or she has to take oposiciones. These are public examinations held to fill vacancies on a national, provincial or local basis. The positions attained through these exams normally imply a job for life (with a working day from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m.), and they are much sought after in a country with a tradition of high unemployment. There are usually far too many candidates for every job advertised, so the requirements listed can be extremely rigorous: if you apply to be a postal worker or a clerk you may have to show an in-depth knowledge of the Constitution and of Spanish cultural issues. This is why many people spend years preparing for these examinations, especially for posts with more responsibility.

* * *

oposición

f

1 POL opposition

2

:

oposiciones pl official entrance exams

* * *

oposición nf, pl - ciones : opposition

* * *

oposición n

1. (en general) opposition

2. (examen) competitive examination

hacer oposiciones to sit an examination

Spanish-English dictionary > oposición

Страницы

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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to take civil action against sb

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на английский

to take civil action against sb

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